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Home > Statistics & Research > Child Welfare Outcomes 2000 > Tennessee

 

Child Welfare Outcomes 2000: Annual Report
Chapter IV - State Data

Context Data | Outcomes Data | State Comment | Federal Comment
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Tennessee [ Context Data ]

A. Key Context Statistics

General Population	1998	1999	2000
Total children under 18 years	1,331,402	1,340,930	1,398,521
Race/ethnicity (%)1
Alaska Native/American Indian	0.2	0.2	0.2
Asian/Pacific Islander	1.2	1.2	1.0
Black	21.4	21.4	21.1
Hispanic	1.6	1.7	2.8
White	75.6	75.4	73.0
Two or more races	N/A	N/A	1.6
Other	N/A	N/A	0.2
% Child population in poverty	20.3	17.4	19.7
% Child population living in metropolitan areas	76.2	73.4	69.0

 

Child Welfare	1998	1999	2000
Child maltreatment victims	9,930	10,611	16,572
Children in foster care on 9/30	-	10,796	10,144
Children adopted	337	382	431

1) The 2000 Census of the United States includes two new race catagories: (1) Persons of two or more races and (2) Other. Back

 

B. Child Maltreatment Data (NCANDS)

	Number			Rate
Maltreatment Information Overview	1998	1999	2000	1998	1998	2000
Children subject of an investigated report alleging child maltreatment	32,286	33,629	51,917	24.2 per 1,000	25.1 per 1,000	37.1 per 1,000
Child maltreatment victims2	9,930	10,611	16,572	7.5 per 1,000	7.9 per 1,000	11.8 per 1,000
Child fatalities	12	16	3	0.9 per 100,000	1.2 per 100,000	0.2 per 100,000

 

Age of Child Victims (%)	1998	1999	2000
Under 1 year	9.6	9.1	9.9
1-5 years	31.7	30.5	30.9
6-10 years	31.2	31.1	29.4
11-15 years	22.1	23.8	24.0
16+ years	5.2	5.2	5.7
Unknown	0.1	0.3	0.2
Total %	100.0	100.0	100.0
Number	9,930	10,611	16,572

 

Race/Ethnicity of Child Victims (%)	1998	1999	2000
Alaska Native/American Indian	0.2	0.0	0.1
Asian/Pacific Islander	0.4	0.3	0.3
Black	31.1	31.6	30.4
Hispanic	0.8	1.5	1.0
White	63.5	62.5	64.2
Two or more races	N/A	N/A	-
Other/Unknown	4.9	5.6	4.0
Total %3	102.3	102.3	100.0
Number	9,930	10,611	16,572

 

Maltreatment Type of Child Victims (%)	1998	1999	2000
Emotional abuse	1.8	1.2	2.3
Medical neglect	3.1	3.1	3.3
Neglect	43.0	43.5	42.9
Physical abuse	19.6	20.0	20.0
Sexual abuse	22.4	21.0	21.0
Other	10.1	11.2	10.5
Unknown	-	-	-
Total %4	100.0	100.0	100.0
Number	9,930	10,611	16,572

2) Children with more than one report of substantiated or indicated maltreatment may be counted more than once. Back
3) Percentages may total more than 100 percent because Hispanics may be counted both by Hispanic ethnicity and by race. Back
4) Percentages may total more than 100 percent because children could have been victims of more than one type of maltreatment. Back

C. Children in Foster Care
(AFCARS Annual Foster Care Database)

Number of Children	In Care on 10/1	Entered Care	Exited Care	In Care on 9/30	Total Served
FY1998 (10/1/97-9/30/98)	-	-	-	-	-
FY1999 (10/1/98-9/30/99)	8,296	5,968	3,481	10,796	14,264
FY2000 (10/1/99-9/30/00)	9,034	5,480	4,370	10,144	14,514
Median Length of Stay (Months)
FY1998 (10/1/97-9/30/98)	-	N/A	-	-	N/A
FY1999 (10/1/98-9/30/99)	17.5	N/A	12.3	13.6	N/A
FY2000 (10/1/99-9/30/00)	17.9	N/A	11.8	16.8	N/A

 

Age of Children in Foster Care (%)	In Care on 10/1/97	In Care on 10/1/98	In Care on 10/1/99	Entered Care During FY 1998	Entered Care During FY 1999	Entered Care During FY 2000	Exited Care During FY 1998	Exited Care During FY 1999	Exited Care During FY 2000	In Care on 9/30/98	In Care on 9/30/99	In Care on 9/30/00
Under 1 year	-	2.7	2.7	-	9.0	7.8	-	2.6	2.3	-	3.2	2.5
1-5 years	-	18.5	17.4	-	13.1	13.9	-	15.5	13.3	-	16.6	17.3
6-10 years	-	18.9	18.9	-	12.6	12.5	-	11.9	12.2	-	17.6	17.4
11-15 years	-	30.8	30.8	-	35.3	36.6	-	19.1	21.2	-	29.8	30.9
16-18 years	-	28.3	29.2	-	30.0	29.2	-	48.5	48.0	-	31.8	31.1
19+ years	-	0.7	0.9	-	-	-	-	2.0	2.7	-	1.0	0.7
Unknown	-	0.1	0.1	-	0.0	-	-	0.4	0.3	-	0.1	0.1
Total %	-	100.0	100.0	-	100.0	100.0	-	100.0	100.0	-	100.0	100.0
Number	-	8,296	9,034	-	5,968	5,480	-	3,481	4,370	-	10,796	10,144

 

Race/Ethnicity of Children in Foster Care (%)5	In Care on 10/1/97	In Care on 10/1/98	In Care on 10/1/99	Entered Care During FY 1998	Entered Care During FY 1999	Entered Care During FY 2000	Exited Care During FY 1998	Exited Care During FY 1999	Exited Care During FY 2000	In Care on 9/30/98	In Care on 9/30/99	In Care on 9/30/00
Alaska Native/American Indian	-	0.2	0.2	-	0.3	0.3	-	0.3	0.3	-	0.2	0.2
Asian/Pacific Islander	-	0.3	0.4	-	0.5	0.5	-	0.4	0.4	-	0.4	0.4
Black	-	38.2	40.0	-	35.2	30.4	-	29.9	31.5	-	39.2	38.4
Hispanic	-	1.4	1.6	-	1.6	2.4	-	1.2	2.2	-	1.5	1.8
White	-	59.5	56.7	-	61.5	64.5	-	67.5	64.8	-	58.0	57.4
Two or more races	-	-	1.2	-	-	1.0	-	-	0.3	-	-	1.4
Unknown	-	0.5	0.1	-	1.0	0.9	-	0.7	0.5	-	0.7	0.4
Total %	-	100.0	100.0	-	100.0	100.0	-	100.0	100.0	-	100.0	100.0
Number	-	8,296	9,034	-	5,968	5,480	-	3,481	4,370	-	10,796	10,144

 

5) In this and subsequent race/ethnicity tables, data for two or more races may be provided for 1998 and 1999 because of States' resubmissions. However, data for 1998 and 1999 may not capture all children of two or more races and therefore may not be comparable to the 2000 data pertaining to two or more races. Back

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D. Children Waiting to Be Adopted
(AFCARS Annual Foster Care Database)⁶

 

Overview	9/30/98	9/30/99	9/30/00
Children waiting to be adopted	-	1,666	2,044
Children whose parents' rights have been terminated (TPR)	-	992	397

 

Age of Waiting Children (%)	1998	1999	2000
Under 1 year	-	2.1	1.5
1-5 years	-	23.9	27.4
6-10 years	-	34.1	35.9
11-15 years	-	30.0	29.4
16+ years	-	8.1	4.9
Unknown	-	1.7	0.9
Total %	-	100.0	100.0
Number	-	1,666	2,044

 

Race/Ethnicity of Waiting Children (%)	1998	1999	2000
Alaska Native/American Indian	-	0.2	0.2
Asian/Pacific Islander	-	0.2	0.2
Black	-	48.3	45.7
Hispanic	-	1.9	1.9
White	-	49.1	49.7
Two or more races	-	-	2.3
Unknown	-	0.4	0.0
Total %	-	100.0	100.0
Number	-	1,666	2,044

6) Waiting children are children who have a goal of adoption and/or whose parents’ rights have been terminated. Children 16 years and older with TPR, but with a goal of emancipation, have been excluded from the waiting children and TPR populations. Back

E. Children Adopted
(AFCARS Annual Foster Care Database)

 

Age of Adopted Children (%)	1998	1999	2000
Under 1 year	1.5	1.0	0.5
1-5 years	46.9	44.5	35.3
6-10 years	32.3	34.0	40.6
11-15 years	16.3	17.0	20.4
16+ years	3.0	3.4	3.2
Unknown	-	-	-
Total %	100.0	100.0	100.0
Number	337	382	431

 

Race/Ethnicity of Adopted Children (%)	1998	1999	2000
Alaska Native/American Indian	0.3	0.8	-
Asian/Pacific Islander	-	-	-
Black	44.8	37.4	38.3
Hispanic	3.6	2.4	3.0
White	51.0	59.2	56.1
Two or more races	-	-	1.4
Unknown	0.3	0.3	1.2
Total %	100.0	100.0	100.0
Number	337	382	431

 

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Tennessee [ Outcomes Data ]

 

1. Reduce Recurrence of Child Abuse and/or Neglect
(NCANDS)

1.1 Recurrence of Maltreatment Within 6 Months (%)	1998	1999	2000
Children without a recurrence	-	-	-
Children with one or more recurrences	-	-	-
Total %	-	-	-
Number	-	-	-

 

2. Reduce the Incidence of Child Abuse and/or Neglect in Foster Care
(NCANDS, AFCARS Annual Foster Care Database Jan —Sept)

2.1 Maltreatment in Foster Care (%)	1998	1999	2000
Children maltreated while in foster care	-	-	-
Children not maltreated while in foster care	-	-	-
Total %	-	-	-
Number	-	-	-

 

3. Increase Permanency for Children in Foster Care
(AFCARS Annual Foster Care Database)

3.1 Exits from Foster Care (%)	1998	1999	2000
Adoption	-	7.8	8.1
Guardianship	-	0.7	0.2
Reunification	-	64.1	72.1
Other	-	15.7	16.0
Missing data	-	11.7	3.6
Total %	-	100.0	100.0
Number	-	3,481	4,370

 

 

3.2 Exits of Disabled Children (%)	1998	1999	2000
Adoption	-	18.2	24.4
Guardianship	-	0.7	-
Reunification	-	44.2	52.0
Other	-	22.6	20.0
Missing data	-	14.2	3.6
Total %	-	100.0	100.0
Number	-	274	225

 

3.3 Exits of Children Over Age 12 at Entry (%)	1998	1999	2000
Adoption	-	0.1	0.0
Guardianship	-	0.4	0.1
Reunification	-	64.4	73.6
Other	-	22.3	22.0
Missing data	-	12.8	4.2
Total %	-	100.0	100.0
Number	-	2,045	2,599

 

3.4 Exits to Emancipation (%)	1998	1999	2000
Children age 12 or younger at entry	-	14.5	17.8
Children older than 12 at entry	-	84.9	82.2
Missing data	-	0.6	-
Total %	-	100.0	100.0
Number	-	496	596

 

3.5 Exits by Race/Ethnicity (%)	Alaska Native/A.I.			Asian/P.I.			Black			Hispanic
	1998	1999	2000	1998	1999	2000	1998	1999	2000	1998	1999	2000
Adoption	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	7.5	7.8	-	11.9	10.4
Guardianship	-	11.1	-	-	-	-	-	1.3	0.1	-	-	-
Reunification	-	77.8	72.7	-	71.4	70.6	-	65.9	70.1	-	61.9	69.8
Other	-	11.1	18.2	-	28.6	17.6	-	15.7	17.6	-	14.3	11.5
Missing data	-	-	9.1	-	-	11.8	-	9.6	4.4	-	11.9	8.3
Total %	-	100.0	100.0	-	100.0	100.0	-	100.0	100.0	-	100.0	100.0
Number	-	9	11	-	14	17	-	1,041	1,378	-	42	96
	White			Unable to Determine			Two or More Races			Missing Data
	1998	1999	2000	1998	1999	2000	1998	1999	2000	1998	1999	2000
Adoption	-	7.9	8.2	-	4.2	-	-	-	21.4	-	-	-
Guardianship	-	0.4	0.2	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-
Reunification	-	63.1	73.0	-	83.3	85.0	-	-	71.4	-	-	100.0
Other	-	15.8	15.6	-	4.2	-	-	-	7.1	-	-	-
Missing data	-	12.7	2.9	-	8.3	15.0	-	-	-	-	100.0	-
Total %	-	100.0	100.0	-	100.0	100.0	-	-	100.0	-	100.0	100.0
Number	-	2,350	2,833	-	24	20	-	-	14	-	1	1

 

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4. Reduce Time to Reunification Without Increasing Re-entry
(AFCARS Annual Foster Care Database)

4.1 Time to Reunification (%)	1998	1999	2000
Less than 12 mos.	-	59.0	61.3
At least 12 mos., but less than 24 mos.	-	24.8	23.4
At least 24 mos., but less than 36 mos.	-	8.2	6.9
At least 36 mos., but less than 48 mos.	-	3.3	3.5
48 or more mos.	-	4.3	4.0
Missing data	-	0.5	0.9
Total (%)	-	100.0	100.0
Number	-	2,233	3,150

 

 

4.2 Children Who Entered Foster Care (%)	1998	1999	2000
Children entering care for the first time	-	84.2	83.1
Children re-entering care within 12 mos. of a prior episode	-	9.3	10.1
Children re-entering care more than 12 mos. after a prior episode	-	6.2	6.8
Missing data	-	0.4	-
Total (%)	-	100.0	100.0
Number	-	5,968	5,480

 

 

5. Reduce Time in Foster Care to Adoption
(AFCARS Annual Foster Care Database)

5.1 Time to Adoption (%)	1998	1999	2000
Less than 12 mos.	-	3.0	3.1
At least 12 mos., but less than 24 mos.	-	13.3	7.4
At least 24 mos., but less than 36 mos.	-	17.4	17.3
At least 36 mos., but less than 48 mos.	-	13.3	19.5
48 or more mos.	-	52.6	52.4
Missing data	-	0.4	0.3
Total (%)	-	100.0	100.0
Number	-	270	353

 

 

6. Increase Placement Stability
(AFCARS Annual Foster Care Database)

6.1 Number of Placements by Time in Care (%)	Year	Children With 2 or Fewer Placements	Children With 3 or More Placements	Missing Data	Total %	Number
Less than 12 mos.	1998 1999 2000	- 72.9 61.1	- 25.2 32.4	- 1.9 6.5	- 100.0 100.0	- 6,734 6,334
At least 12 mos., but <24 mos.	1998 1999 2000	- 52.2 47.4	- 47.3 49.6	- 0.5 3.0	- 100.0 100.0	- 2,876 2,950
At least 24 mos., but <36 mos.	1998 1999 2000	- 51.0 53.5	- 48.8 44.0	- 0.2 2.5	- 100.0 100.0	- 1,448 1,635
At least 36 mos., but <48 mos.	1998 1999 2000	- 48.5 54.4	- 51.2 43.5	- 0.3 2.0	- 100.0 100.0	- 934 981
48 or more mos.	1998 1999 2000	- 50.0 56.2	- 49.6 41.0	- 0.4 2.8	- 100.0 100.0	- 2,245 2,556
Missing data	1998 1999 2000	- 81.5 34.5	- 14.8 -	- 3.7 65.5	- 100.0 100.0	- 27 58

 

 

7. Reduce Placements of Young Children in Group Homes or Institutions
(AFCARS Annual Foster Care Database)

7.1 Most Recent Placement Settings of Children Who Entered Care During the Fiscal Year and Were Age 12 or Younger at the Time of This Placement (%)	1998	1999	2000
Group homes	-	8.3	5.9
Institutions	-	6.8	7.6
Other settings	-	84.5	86.4
Missing data	-	0.4	-
Total (%)	-	100.0	100.0
Number	-	2,264	1,987

 

Tennessee [ State Comment ]

Page B. Walley, Commissioner
Tennessee Department of Children?s Services
615-741-9699

The following are the comments on our State data for the Child Welfare Outcomes 2000: Annual Report.

As a general comment, we have serious concerns about the national standards for compliance with the federal child welfare outcomes being based upon data that are not comparable across states for various reasons. In particular, there is considerable variability in the populations of children included in foster care, how permanency goals and concurrent goals are measured, how states measure and record placements and placement changes, and how types of placements are mapped to the standard AFCARS placement settings. We strongly encourage the Children's Bureau to consider states' concerns about the lack of comparability of data that affect states' performance on the outcomes, especially with such severe consequences as possible financial penalties. We also want to note that the Federal requirement of quarterly reports on progress with regard to the State?s Program Improvement Plan does not permit sufficient time to demonstrate progress on outcomes, although it may permit some assessment of early progress with regard to process measures.

A second general comment is that the Tennessee Department of Children's Services includes both child welfare and juvenile justice programs. As a result, AFCARS numbers and demographic information may be influenced by some juvenile justice cases that were part of the child welfare system for only a brief period of time during the reporting year. We strongly recommend that the Children's Bureau add adjudication type as a required AFCARS data element so that states such as Tennessee and others that include juvenile justice youth can accurately report the full range of children and youth in state custody.

The data in section B indicate a considerable increase in the number and rate of child maltreatment reports and child maltreatment victims from 1998 to 2000. In addition, the data in Section C indicate that there were 1,762 fewer children in foster care on October 1, 1999 (9,034) than there were on September 30, 1999 (10,796). Both of these data issues are due to the fact that during this time period, the State has been transitioning from a legacy system to a SACWIS (TN KIDS). Now that TN KIDS is operational, we anticipate that these data problems will no longer be an issue.

Another data issue is that the data in Section E indicate that 431 children were adopted in FY 2000 (from the AFCARS Adoption Database). However, as shown in outcome measure 5.1, only 353 of the exits from foster care in FY 2000 (from the AFCARS Foster Care Database) were reported as discharges to adoption. The legacy system that we had been using was not capable of handling the adoptions data and consequently a separate reporting method was used for the adoptions AFCARS reporting. The state is confident that its AFCARS Adoption Database numbers are accurate. While there were significant discrepancies in agreement between the two reports during the first half of the fiscal year, problems related to the discrepancies had been largely resolved and, during the second half of the year, the discrepancy involved only 2 cases.

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Tennessee [ Federal Comment ]

The following discussion focuses on Tennessee?s performance with regard to each of the outcomes assessed in the Child Welfare Outcomes Annual Reports to Congress. Information from the State?s Child and Family Services Review (CFSR) Final Report is used to provide a context for interpreting the State?s performance (the Tennessee CFSR was conducted in FY 2002). Because data reported in the State Data Pages do not address child well-being issues, the last section of this discussion provides information from the CFSR Final Report relevant to the State?s performance in meeting children?s physical health, mental health, and educational needs.

Outcome 1. Reduce recurrence of child abuse and/or neglect
Tennessee?s attainment of outcome 1 cannot be assessed in the Federal Comment section because the State does not provide data to the National Child Abuse and Neglect Data System (NCANDS) for calculating this outcome measure. Only data from NCANDS are presented for this outcome measure in the Report to Congress. However, for the CFSR, the State provided data for this outcome using an alternative source. These data are presented in Tennessee?s CFSR Final Report.

Outcome 2. Reduce the incidence of child abuse and/or neglect in foster care
Tennessee?s attainment of outcome 2 cannot be evaluated in this Report because the State does not provide data to NCANDS for calculating this outcome. Only data from NCANDS are presented for this outcome measure in the Report to Congress. However, for the CFSR, the State provided data for this outcome using an alternative source. These data are presented in Tennessee?s CFSR Final Report.

Outcome 3. Increase permanency for children in foster care
In fiscal year (FY) 2000, 80.4 percent of children exiting foster care were discharged to permanent homes (which is lower than the national median of 84.7 percent), and 76.4 percent of children with a diagnosed disability exiting foster care were discharged to permanent homes (which is lower than the national median of 79.5 percent). Although these data suggest that the State is not consistently effective in achieving permanency for children in foster care, the data for outcome 3 also indicated that 73.6 percent of children exiting foster care who were older than age 12 at entry into foster care were discharged to permanent homes (which is higher than the national median of 72.6), and only 17.8 percent of children exiting foster care through emancipation were age 12 or younger at the time of entry (which is lower than the national median of 24.2 percent). These data suggest that the State has experienced success in achieving permanency for children who are older than age 12 when they enter foster care and in ensuring that children who enter foster care at younger ages do not “grow up” in the system. Information from the CFSR Final Report suggests that a key barrier to attaining permanency may be the frequent agency practice of establishing a goal of long-term foster care when reunification efforts fail without exploring adoption or guardianship as possible alternatives.

Outcome 4. Reduce time to reunification without increasing re-entry
In FY 2000, the percentage of all reunifications occurring within 12 months of children?s entry into foster care was 61.3, which is lower than both the national standard of 76.2 percent and the national median of 68.0 percent. Information from the CFSR Final Report identifies the following as potential barriers to achieving reunification in a timely manner: (1) the lack of diligent efforts in some cases to engage parents in services to promote reunification, (2) the tendency of the agency to focus on the child?s needs rather than the family?s needs in providing services and conducting assessments, (3) the high caseloads carried by workers that make it difficult to provide the necessary level of case management, and (4) insufficient contact between caseworkers and parents whose children are in foster care to promote movement toward permanency (contact often occurs less often than the once-a-month required by agency policy).

Also in FY 2000, the percentage of children re-entering foster care within 12 months of discharge from a prior foster care episode was 10.1, which does not meet the national standard of 8.6 percent, but is almost equal to the national median of 10.3 percent. Information from the CFSR Final Report identifies the following as potential barriers to preventing re-entries into foster care: (1) the lack of adequate assessment in some cases of the change in risk factors prior to reunifying children with their families; and (2) the fact that until 2002, the agency was not able to provide post-reunification services to families for more than 90 days after reunification. However, a new law requires that families be provided with services for 9 months after reunification.

Outcome 5. Reduce time in foster care to adoption
In FY 2000, the percentage of all finalized adoptions occurring within 24 months of the child?s entry into foster care was 10.5, which is lower than both the national standard of 32.0 percent and the national median of 19.7 percent. Information from the CFSR Final Report identifies the following as potential barriers to attaining adoptions in a timely manner: (1) agency delays in changing permanency goals when reunification efforts are not successful, (2) agency delays in filing for termination of parental rights (TPR) and completing home studies in a timely manner, (3) lack of consistent effort to identify or search for fathers early on in a case, and (4) delays due to parents? appeals of TPR decisions.

Outcome 6. Increase placement stability
In FY 2000, the percentage of children who experienced no more than 2 placements during their first 12 months in foster care was 61.1, which is lower than both the national standard of 86.7 percent and the national median of 84.3 percent. According to information in the CFSR Final Report, the State believes that the actual number of placements changes may be higher than the number reported to the Federal Adoption and Foster Care Analysis and Reporting System because the State?s management information system does not capture changes in foster care placements for children who remain with the same private child placement provider agency. That is, a child could move from one foster home to another, but if both foster homes were under the supervision of the same foster care provider agency, this move would not be recorded in the State?s management information system. This suggests that placement stability is a concern for the State. Information from the CFSR Final Report identifies the following as potential barriers to achieving placement stability for children in foster care: (1) a lack of appropriate placements resources to ensure appropriate matching between children and placements, (2) an inconsistency on the part of the agency with regard to providing supportive services to foster parents to help maintain placements when they are at risk of disruption, and (3) the large number of adolescents in the system who have serious behavior problems that result in placement disruptions.

Outcome 7. Reduce placements of young children in group homes and institutions
In FY 2000, the percentage of children age 12 or younger placed in a group home or institution was 13.5, which is higher than the national median of 9.0. Information in the CFSR Final Report suggests that the high percentage of children who are placed in group homes when they are age 12 or younger may be attributed in part to the scarcity of family foster homes, particularly for children with emotional problems.

Child well-being outcomes
With respect to child well-being, information in the CSFR Final Report indicates that the State is effective in meeting children?s physical health needs, including their need for dental services. However, information from the Final Report also suggests that the State is less effective in meeting children?s educational and mental health needs. The Final Report identifies the following as potential barriers to meeting these needs: (1) a lack of consistent and adequate assessment of children?s educational needs and mental health needs; (2) a failure in some cases to provide services to address identified educational and mental health needs in some cases; and (3) the difficulty obtaining high quality mental health services for children, often due to problems with insurance coverage and waiting lists for basic services, such as counseling.

 

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