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Home > Statistics & Research > Child Welfare Outcomes 2001 > Chapter Four > Michigan

 

Michigan

Context Data | Outcomes Data | State Comment | Federal Comment

Michigan [ Context Data ]

A. Key Context Statistics

General Population 1998 1999 2000 2001
Total children under 18 years 2,551,615 2,561,139 2,595,767 2,573,235
Race/ethnicity (%)1
   Alaska Native/American Indian 0.7 0.6 0.6 0.6
   Asian N/A N/A N/A 2.0
   Asian/Pacific Islander 1.8 1.9 1.8 N/A
   Black 17.1 17.2 17.3 17.5
   Hawaiian/Other Pacific Islander N/A N/A N/A 0.0
   Hispanic 3.9 4.1 4.8 4.8
   White 76.5 76.2 72.4 72.6
   Two or more races N/A N/A 2.8 2.4
   Other N/A N/A 0.2 N/A
% Child population in poverty 15.3 14.1 13.6 13.0
% Child population living in metropolitan areas 87.2 91.3 83.2 89.3
Child Welfare 1998 1999 2000 2001
Child maltreatment victims 22,744 24,505 26,680 28,475
Children in foster care on 9/30 18,583 20,300 20,034 20,896
Children adopted 2,257 2,446 2,804 2,979

1 The 2000 Census of the United States includes two new race categories: (1) Persons of two or more races and (2) Other. Back

B. Child Maltreatment Data (NCANDS)

blank cell Number Rate
Maltreatment Information Overview 1998 1999 2000 2001 1998 1999 2000 2001
Children subject of an investigated report alleging child maltreatment 156,425 166,160 164,369 172,281 61.3 per 1,000 64.9 per 1,000 63.3 per 1,000 66.3 per 1,000
Child maltreatment victims2 22,744 24,505 26,680 28,475 8.9 per 1,000 9.6 per 1,000 10.3 per 1,000 11.0 per 1,000
Child fatalities 40 48 blank cell blank cell 1.6 per 100,000 1.9 per 100,000 blank cell blank cell
Age of Child Victims (%) 1998 1999 2000 2001
Under 1 year 11.0 11.9 12.4 12.4
1-5 years 30.3 28.9 27.9 27.2
6-10 years 30.9 31.0 30.6 29.7
11-15 years 23.0 23.5 24.0 25.6
16+ years 4.8 4.7 5.1 5.1
Unknown — — — —
Total % 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0
Number 22,744 24,505 26,680 28,475
Race/Ethnicity of Child Victims (%) 1998 1999 2000 2001
Alaska Native/American Indian 0.5 0.7 0.6 0.6
Asian/Pacific Islander 0.5 0.4 — 0.4
Black 39.8 40.7 39.7 38.9
Hispanic 2.6 2.4 2.2 2.9
White 54.7 55.8 53.7 55.0
Two or more races — — — —
Other/Unknown 4.5 2.4 3.8 2.3
Total %3 102.6 102.4 100.0 100.0
Number 22,744 24,505 26,680 28,475
Maltreatment Type of Child Victims (%) 1998 1999 2000 2001
Emotional 6.0 6.9 7.3 7.5
Medical neglect 2.3 2.3 2.7 2.5
Neglect 46.3 70.8 68.7 66.3
Physical abuse 19.9 20.9 22.7 21.3
Sexual abuse 6.8 6.5 5.9 5.8
Other 25.3 — — 3.6
Unknown — — — —
Total %4 106.6 107.4 107.3 106.9
Number 22,744 24,505 26,680 28,475

2 Children with more than one report of substantiated or indicated maltreatment may be counted more than once. Back
3 Percentages may total more than 100 percent because Hispanics may be counted both by Hispanic ethnicity and by race. Back
4 Percentages may total more than 100 percent because children could have been victims of more than one type of maltreatment. Back

C. Children in Foster Care
(AFCARS Annual Foster Care Database)

Number of Children In Care on 10/1 Entered Care Exited Care In Care on 9/30 Total Served
FY1998 (10/1/97-9/30/98) 13,570 10,220 5,207 18,583 23,790
FY1999 (10/1/98-9/30/99) 16,111 10,929 6,740 20,300 27,040
FY2000 (10/1/99-9/30/00) 17,129 10,707 7,802 20,034 27,836
FY2001 (10/1/00-9/30/01) 16,925 12,283 8,312 20,896 29,208
Median Length of Stay (Months)          
FY1998 (10/1/97-9/30/98) 13.3 N/A 12.4 13.5 N/A
FY1999 (10/1/98-9/30/99) 13.6 N/A 13.9 14.4 N/A
FY2000 (10/1/99-9/30/00) 14.5 N/A 15.3 14.7 N/A
FY2001 (10/1/00-9/30/01) 14.4 N/A 14.8 12.7 N/A
Age of Children in Foster Care (%) In Care on 10/1/97 In Care on 10/1/98 In Care on 10/1/99 In Care on 10/1/00 Entered Care During FY 1998 Entered Care During FY 1999 Entered Care During FY 2000 Entered Care During FY 2001 Exited Care During FY 1998 Exited Care During FY 1999 Exited Care During FY 2000 Exited Care During FY 2001 In Care on 9/30/98 In Care on 9/30/99 In Care on 9/30/00 In Care on 9/30/01
Under 1 year 4.6 4.7 4.5 4.9 13.0 12.8 13.9 14.0 2.8 2.6 2.7 2.9 5.2 5.3 5.2 5.6
1-5 years 27.1 26.6 25.2 26.6 26.2 24.6 27.0 27.8 24.0 24.2 24.8 27.3 28.0 26.6 27.3 28.0
6-10 years 22.0 23.5 24.4 25.2 22.1 22.5 24.4 23.9 20.5 20.6 22.5 24.2 23.7 25.0 25.2 24.7
11-15 years 24.8 24.7 25.5 25.2 27.2 26.9 24.5 25.6 19.7 19.4 20.0 20.4 23.9 24.7 24.9 25.9
16-18 years 19.8 18.8 18.3 16.6 10.8 11.3 9.5 8.4 26.5 26.7 24.7 20.8 17.6 16.9 16.0 14.5
19+ years 1.3 1.4 1.5 1.2 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.2 6.0 4.9 4.1 3.6 1.3 1.3 1.3 1.1
Unknown 0.3 0.3 0.7 0.3 0.6 1.7 0.5 0.2 0.3 1.6 1.1 0.7 0.3 0.3 0.2 0.1
Total % 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0
Number 13,570 16,111 17,129 16,925 10,220 10,929 10,707 12,283 5,207 6,740 7,802 8,312 18,583 20,300 20,034 20,896
Race/Ethnicity of Children in Foster Care (%)5 In Care on 10/1/97 In Care on 10/1/98 In Care on 10/1/99 In Care on 10/1/00 Entered Care During FY 1998 Entered Care During FY 1999 Entered Care During FY 2000 Entered Care During FY 2001 Exited Care During FY 1998 Exited Care During FY 1999 Exited Care During FY 2000 Exited Care During FY 2001 In Care on 9/30/98 In Care on 9/30/99 In Care on 9/30/00 In Care on 9/30/01
Alaska Native/American Indian — — — — — — — 0.2 — — — — — — — 0.1
Asian — — — — — — — 0.0 — — — — — — — 0.0
Asian/Pacific Islander — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — —
Black — — — — — — — 8.7 — — — — — — — 5.1
Native Hawaiian/Other Pacific Islander — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — —
Hispanic — — — — — — — 0.7 — — — — — — — 0.4
White — — — — — — — 8.3 — — — — — — — 4.9
Two or more races — — — — — — — 0.6 — — — — — — — 0.3
Unknown — — — 100.0 — — — 91.4 — — — 100.0 — — — 89.1
Total % — — — 100.0 — — — 100.0 — — — 100.0 — — — 100.0
Number — — — 16,925 — — — 12,283 — — — 8,312 — — — 20,896

5 In this and subsequent race/ethnicity tables, data for two or more races may be provided for 1998 and 1999 because of States' resubmissions. However, data for 1998 and 1999 may not capture all children of two or more races and therefore may not be comparable to the 2000 data pertaining to two or more races. Back

D. Children Waiting to Be Adopted
(AFCARS Annual Foster Care Database)6

Overview 9/30/98 9/30/99 9/30/00 9/30/01
Children waiting to be adopted 7,665 8,495 7,745 7,839
Children whose parents' rights have been terminated (TPR) 4,257 5,166 5,226 6,174
Age of Waiting Children (%) 1998 1999 2000 2001
Under 1 year 6.7 5.9 5.7 5.6
1-5 years 38.9 35.6 33.0 32.0
6-10 years 31.5 33.6 31.8 30.3
11-15 years 18.7 20.3 23.9 26.3
16+ years 3.2 3.4 4.1 4.8
Unknown 1.0 1.2 1.5 1.1
Total % 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0
Number 7,665 8,495 7,745 7,839
Race/Ethnicity of Waiting Children (%) 1998 1999 2000 2001
Alaska Native/American Indian — — — 0.1
Asian — — — —
Asian/Pacific Islander — — — —
Black — — — 4.3
Native Hawaiian/Other Pacific Islander — — — —
Hispanic — — — 0.3
White — — — 3.9
Two or more races — — — 0.2
Unknown — 100.0 100.0 91.2
Total % — 100.0 100.0 100.0
Number — 8,495 7,745 7,839

6 Waiting children are children who have a goal of adoption and/or whose parentsÂ’ rights have been terminated. Children 16 years and older with TPR, but with a goal of emancipation, have been excluded from the waiting children and TPR populations. Back

E. Children Adopted
(AFCARS Annual Foster Care Database)

Age of Adopted Children (%) 1998 1999 2000 2001
Under 1 year 1.3 1.3 1.5 1.8
1-5 years 44.9 47.1 43.3 43.0
6-10 years 37.8 34.3 36.7 36.2
11-15 years 13.8 15.9 15.9 16.8
16+ years 2.2 1.6 2.5 2.2
Unknown — — — —
Total % 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0
Number 2,257 2,446 2,804 2,979
Race/Ethnicity of Adopted Children (%) 1998 1999 2000 2001
Alaska Native/American Indian 1.4 1.0 0.6 0.8
Asian — — 0.2 —
Asian/Pacific Islander 0.3 0.1 — —
Black 53.0 51.5 49.5 48.5
Native Hawaiian/Other Pacific Islander — — 0.0 —
Hispanic 3.2 4.3 4.1 4.3
White 41.4 42.4 41.0 40.2
Two or more races — 0.0 4.2 5.8
Unknown 0.7 0.7 0.3 0.3
Total % 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0
Number 2,257 2,446 2,804 2,979

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Michigan [ Outcomes Data ]

1. Reduce Recurrence of Child Abuse and/or Neglect
(NCANDS)

1.1 Recurrence of Maltreatment Within 6 Months (%) 1998 1999 2000 2001
Children without a recurrence 96.9 96.6 96.7 96.4
Children with one or more recurrences 3.1 3.4 3.3 3.6
Total % 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0
Number 11,430 11,576 13,482 14,171

Bar chart describing Percentage of Children With One or More Recurrences of Maltreatment within 6 months data from Table 1.1 above.

2. Reduce the Incidence of Child Abuse and/or Neglect in Foster Care
(NCANDS, AFCARS Annual Foster Care Database Jan —Sept)

2.1 Maltreatment in Foster Care (%) 1998 1999 2000 2001
Children maltreated while in foster care — — 0.33 0.34
Children not maltreated while in foster care — — 99.67 99.66
Total % — — 100.00 100.00
Number — — 26,044 27,359

Bar chart describing Percentage of Children Maltreated While in Foster Care data from Table 2.1 above.

3. Increase Permanency for Children in Foster Care
(AFCARS Annual Foster Care Database)

3.1 Exits from Foster Care (%) 1998 1999 2000 2001
Adoption 20.1 19.8 21.8 22.4
Guardianship 0.7 1.0 1.2 2.8
Reunification 58.0 60.0 56.2 56.7
Other 21.0 19.1 20.7 18.0
Missing data 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.1
Total % 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0
Number 5,207 6,740 7,802 8,312

Pie Charts describing data from Table 3.1 above.

3.2 Exits of Disabled Children (%) 1998 1999 2000 2001
Adoption — — — —
Guardianship — — — —
Reunification — — — —
Other — — — —
Missing data — — — —
Total % — — — —
Number — — — —
3.3 Exits of Children Over Age 12 at Entry (%) 1998 1999 2000 2001
Adoption 2.7 1.6 1.4 1.5
Guardianship 0.7 0.8 1.1 2.5
Reunification 57.9 60.7 53.6 54.5
Other 38.4 36.5 43.4 41.1
Missing data 0.3 0.3 0.5 0.4
Total % 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0
Number 2,073 2,606 2,812 2,532
3.4 Exits to Emancipation (%) 1998 1999 2000 2001
Children age 12 or younger at entry 24.4 22.8 23.9 24.3
Children older than 12 at entry 74.9 76.5 75.5 75.5
Missing data 0.7 0.7 0.5 0.2
Total % 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0
Number 426 587 564 485
3.5 Exits by Race/Ethnicity (%)
blank cell Alaska Native/A.I. Asian Asian/Pacific Islander Black Hawaiian/Other Pacific Islander
1998 1999 2000 2001 1998 1999 2000 2001 1998 1999 2000 2001 1998 1999 2000 2001 1998 1999 2000 2001
Adoption — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — —
Guardianship — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — —
Reunification — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — —
Other — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — —
Missing data — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — —
Total % — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — —
Number — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — —
blank cell Hispanic White Unable to Determine Two or More Races Missing Data
1998 1999 2000 2001 1998 1999 2000 2001 1998 1999 2000 2001 1998 1999 2000 2001 1998 1999 2000 2001
Adoption — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — 20.1 19.8 21.8 22.4
Guardianship — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — 0.7 1.0 1.2 2.8
Reunification — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — 58.0 60.0 56.2 56.7
Other — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — 21.0 19.1 20.7 18.0
Missing data — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.1
Total % — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0
Number — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — 5,207 6,470 7,802 8,312

4. Reduce Time to Reunification Without Increasing Re-entry
(AFCARS Annual Foster Care Database)

4.1 Time to Reunification (%) 1998 1999 2000 2001
Less than 12 mos. 53.8 58.1 52.9 56.6
At least 12 mos., but less than 24 mos. 27.7 25.0 28.1 28.2
At least 24 mos., but less than 36 mos. 8.8 7.7 7.1 8.1
At least 36 mos., but less than 48 mos. 3.3 2.4 3.0 2.2
48 or more mos. 1.7 1.4 2.2 1.5
Missing data 4.7 5.3 6.8 3.2
Total (%) 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0
Number 3,018 4,041 4,383 4,713

Bar chart describing reunification percentages data in Table 4.1 above.

4.2 Children Who Entered Foster Care (%) 1998 1999 2000 2001
Children entering care for the first time 89.8 90.3 90.0 90.9
Children re-entering care within 12 mos. of a prior episode 4.7 4.9 5.0 5.0
Children re-entering care more than 12 mos. after a prior episode 5.0 4.4 4.6 3.6
Missing data 0.4 0.4 0.4 0.4
Total (%) 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0
Number 10,220 10,929 10,707 12,283

Bar chart describing re-entries into Foster Care within 12 months from data in Table 4.2 above.

5. Reduce Time in Foster Care to Adoption
(AFCARS Annual Foster Care Database)

5.1 Time to Adoption (%) 1998 1999 2000 2001
Less than 12 mos. 48.3 16.7 12.6 12.8
At least 12 mos., but less than 24 mos. 20.3 24.2 22.4 21.7
At least 24 mos., but less than 36 mos. 13.3 29.2 31.0 32.0
At least 36 mos., but less than 48 mos. 9.3 16.4 16.0 18.3
48 or more mos. 8.2 13.4 17.8 14.8
Missing data 0.7 0.2 0.2 0.4
Total (%) 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0
Number 1,048 1,333 1,699 1,860

Bar Chart describing Percentage of Adoptions Occurring in Less Than 24 or greater than 48 Months of Entry data from Table 5.1 above

6. Increase Placement Stability
(AFCARS Annual Foster Care Database)

6.1 Number of Placements by Time in Care (%) Year Children With 2 or Fewer Placements Children With 3 or More Placements Missing Data Total % Number
Less than 12 mos. 1998
1999
2000
2001		 85.2
84.9
86.2
87.8		 14.8
15.1
13.8
12.2		 —
—
—
—		 100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0		 10,985
11,750
11,588
13,416
At least 12 mos., but <24 mos. 1998
1999
2000
2001		 65.8
66.1
65.8
69.6		 34.2
33.9
34.2
30.4		 —
—
—
—		 100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0		 5,758
6,824
6,997
6,955
At least 24 mos., but <36 mos. 1998
1999
2000
2001		 52.8
56.0
59.4
59.2		 47.2
44.0
40.6
40.8		 —
—
—
—		 100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0		 2,987
3,614
3,863
3,777
At least 36 mos., but <48 mos. 1998
1999
2000
2001		 44.8
49.0
49.8
54.7		 55.2
51.0
50.2
45.3		 —
—
—
—		 100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0		 1,539
1,914
2,091
1,980
48 or more mos. 1998
1999
2000
2001		 33.7
36.8
36.5
35.4		 66.3
63.2
63.5
64.6		 —
—
—
—		 100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0		 2,214
2,572
2,865
2,820
Missing data 1998
1999
2000
2001		 93.5
95.6
97.2
97.3		 6.5
4.4
2.8
2.7		 —
—
—
—		 100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0		 307
366
432
260

Bar chart describing foster care placements over time percentages data from Table 6.1 above.

7. Reduce Placements of Young Children in Group Homes or Institutions
(AFCARS Annual Foster Care Database)

7.1 Most Recent Placement Settings of Children Who Entered Care During the Fiscal Year and Were Age 12 or Younger at the Time of This Placement (%) 1998 1999 2000 2001
Group homes 0.0 0.1 0.0 0.0
Institutions 6.2 5.6 5.7 4.1
Other settings 93.8 94.3 94.3 95.9
Missing data — 0.0 0.0 0.0
Total (%) 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0
Number 6,929 7,339 7,623 8,525

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Michigan [ State Comment ]

Nannette M. Bowler, Director
Michigan Family Independence Agency
517-373-2035

Michigan's comments on the State data presented in Child Welfare Outcomes 2001: Report to Congress are the following:

Michigan's Foster Care AFCARS reporting was incomplete during the time periods reflected in this report. For example, the Foster Care AFCARS report did not include children placed with adoptive parents when the adoption had not been finalized (i.e. children in pre-adoptive homes). Efforts for improving reporting compliance were concentrated on developing a new case management and information system under SACWIS. Therefore, we cannot validate the accuracy of the data in the legacy systems. Any data published for time periods prior to October 1, 2001 through March 31, 2002 may not accurately reflect Michigan's experience and should not be used to evaluate performance or outcomes.

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Michigan [ Federal Comment ]

The following discussion focuses on Michigan's performance with regard to each of the outcomes assessed in the Child Welfare Outcomes Annual Reports to Congress. The Michigan Child and Family Services Review (CFSR) was completed in fiscal year (FY) 2002, and compliance with the national standards was based on data from 2000. The final report for that review is available from Reports and Results of the Child and Family Service Reviews (CFSRs) . A discussion of the implications of CFSR findings for Michigan's performance on the Report to Congress Outcomes is provided in Child Welfare Outcomes 2000.

The State's performance is assessed by examining the percent change in the data for each outcome measure from 1999 to 2001. The percent change was calculated using data carried out to the second decimal point. However, with the exception of outcome measure 2.1, the data presented in the Report to Congress are rounded to one decimal for ease of reading the tables (measure 2.1 must be presented as two decimals because the national standard is less than one percent).

Outcome 1. Reduce recurrence of child abuse and/or neglect
In calendar year (CY) 2001, Michigan's rate of maltreatment recurrence within 6 months was 3.6 percent, which is lower than both the national standard of 6.1 percent or less and the national median of 8.0 percent. However, the State's performance on this measure declined slightly from 1999 to 2001 (+5.2 percent change).

Outcome 2. Reduce the incidence of child abuse and/or neglect in foster care
In CY 2001, the incidence of maltreatment in foster care was 0.34 percent, which is lower than both the national standard of 0.57 percent or less and the national median of 0.47 percent. Change in Michigan's performance on this measure from 1999 to 2001 cannot be evaluated because the State did not provide data for 1999 to the National Child Abuse and Neglect Data System for this outcome. There was no substantive change in performance from 2000 to 2001.

Outcome 3. Increase permanency for children in foster care
In FY 2001, 81.9 percent of children exiting foster care were discharged to permanent homes (which is lower than the national median of 85.3), and 58.5 percent of children exiting foster care who were older than age 12 at entry into foster care were discharged to permanent homes (which is lower than the national median of 72.3). (The State did not provide data pertaining to children with a diagnosed disability.) However, 24.3 percent of children exiting foster care through emancipation were age 12 or younger at the time of entry into foster care, which is lower than the national median of 28.0 percent. Performance related to the percent of children exiting foster care who were discharged to permanent homes did not change substantively between FY 1999 and FY 2001, but performance related to children exiting foster care who were older than age 12 at entry declined somewhat (-7.3 percent change), as did performance related to the percent of children exiting foster care through emancipation who were age 12 or younger at the time of entry (+6.6 percent change).

Outcome 4. Reduce time to reunification without increasing re-entry
In FY 2001, the percentage of all reported reunifications occurring within 12 months of a child's entry into foster care was 56.6, which is lower than both the national standard of 76.2 percent or more and the national median of 69.2 percent. There was no substantive change in performance on this measure from FY 1999 to FY 2001.

Michigan's performance with regard to time to reunification must be balanced by the finding that in FY 2001, the percentage of children re-entering foster care within 12 months of discharge from a prior foster care episode was 5.0, which is lower than both the national standard of 8.6 percent or less and the national median of 10.4 percent. Michigan's performance on this measure did not change substantively between FY 1999 and FY 2001.

Outcome 5. Reduce time in foster care to adoption
In FY 2001, the percentage of all finalized adoptions occurring within 24 months of a child's entry into foster care was 34.5 percent, which is higher than both the national standard of 32.0 percent or more and the national median of 21.0 percent. However, the State's performance with regard to achieving adoptions in a timely manner cannot be assessed, because the number of discharges to adoption reported to the Adoption and Foster Care Analysis and Reporting System (AFCARS) Foster Care Database (1,860) only accounts for 62 percent of the adoptions reported to the AFCARS Adoption Database (2,979). As noted in the State Comment section, the State considers the data reported to the AFCARS Adoption Database as reflecting the correct number of adoptions. Consequently, the percentage of finalized adoptions occurring within 24 months of entry into foster care reported in outcome measure 5.1 cannot be considered accurate.

Outcome 6. Increase placement stability
In FY 2001, the percentage of children who experienced no more than 2 placements during their first 12 months in foster care was 87.8, which is higher than the national standard of 86.7 percent and the national median of 83.3 percent. There was no substantive change in performance on this measure from FY 1999 to FY 2001.

Outcome 7. Reduce placements of young children in group homes and institutions
In FY 2001, the percentage of children age 12 or younger placed in a group home or institution was 4.1, which is lower than the national median of 8.7 percent. Performance on this measure improved considerably from FY 1999 and FY 2001 (-28.0 percent change).

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