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Home > Statistics & Research > Child Welfare Outcomes 2002 > Chapter Six > Louisiana

Louisiana

Context Data | Outcomes Data | Federal Comment

Louisiana [ Context Data ]

A. Key Context Statistics

General Population (Census Bureau) 1999 2000 2001 2002 Total children under 18 years 1,190,001 1,201,185 1,201,111 1,185,674 Race/ethnicity (%)1, 2         Alaska Native/American Indian 0.4 0.6 0.6 0.6 Asian N/A 1.2 1.2 1.3 Asian/Pacific Islander 1.4 N/A N/A N/A Black 39.4 39.7 39.7 39.9 Native Hawaiian/Other Pacific Islander N/A N/A 0 0 Hispanic 2.9 2.5 2.6 2.6 White 55.8 54.6 54.6 54.3 Two or more races N/A 1.2 1.2 1.3 Other N/A 0.2 0 0 % Child population in poverty 27 23.7 23.1 26 Child Welfare Summary 1999 2000 2002 2002 Child maltreatment victims3 12,614 10,618 11,158 10,971 Children in foster care on 9/30 5,581 5,406 5,024 4,829 Children adopted 356 476 470 487

1The convention for the data tables is the following: N/A in the data table means that the category was not applicable for the specific year. A dash (-) means that there is "no value" or the category is a true zero (that is, no children were reported as being in that category). A zero (0) means that there is a value for the category, but the value is less than 0.1 percent.Back

2The multiple and overlapping race categories in this and subsequent race tables are due to changes in the Census Bureau categories beginning in 2000. Because the reporting of these categories is a relatively new process for States, changes in percentages over time may be due to data quality issues.Back

3A child victim is a child who is the subject of a substantiated or indicated maltreatment report. Children with more than one report of substantiated or indicated maltreatment may be counted more than once.Back

B. Child Maltreatment Data (NCANDS)

Number Rate Maltreatment Information Overview 1999 2000 2001 2002 1999 2000 2001 2002 Children subject of an investigated report alleging child maltreatment 46,230 36,355 38,085 37,825 38.8 per 1,000 30.3 per 1,000 31.7 per 1,000 31.9 per 1,000 Child maltreatment victims 12,614 10,618 11,158 10,971 10.6 per 1,000 8.8 per 1,000 9.3 per 1,000 9.2 per 1,000 Child fatalities 21 30 33 37 1.8 per 100,000 2.5 per 100,000 2.8 per 100,000 3.1 per 100,000

Age of Child Victims (%) 1999 2000 2001 2002 Under 1 Year 7.8 8.2 8.5 8.9 1-5 years 29.6 30.4 30.8 31.5 6-10 years 29.8 31.7 30.4 29.4 11-15 years 25.7 25 25.3 25.1 16+ years 7 4.7 4.9 5.1 Unknown / Missing data 0.2 -- -- -- Total % 100 100 100 100 Number 12,614 10,618 11,158 10,971 Race/Ethnicity of Child Victims (%) 1999 2000 2001 2002 Alaska Native/American Indian 0.1 0.1 0.2 0.3 Asian/Pacific Islander 0.4 0.3 0.3 0.4 Black 51.9 51.1 49.6 47.8 Hispanic 0.8 1 0.8 0.9 White 46.6 46.1 48 49 Two or more races 0 0.6 0.4 0.6 Total %4 100.8 100 100 100 Number 12,614 10,618 11,158 10,971 Maltreatment Type of Child Victims (%) 1999 2000 2001 2002 Emotional Abuse 4.2 4.3 4.2 3.7 Medical Neglect 0 -- -- -- Neglect 68.1 76.5 76.7 75.8 Physical Abuse 20.9 23 22.4 22.1 Sexual Abuse 6.5 6.7 7.8 7.5 Unknown / Missing data 0 -- -- -- Other 0.3 0.3 0 0 Total %5 100 110.8 111.1 109.1 Number 12,614 10,618 11,158 10,971

4Percentages may total more than 100 percent because Hispanics may be counted both by Hispanic ethnicity and by race.Back

5Percentages may total more than 100 percent because children could have been victims of more than one type of maltreatment.Back

C. Children in Foster Care (AFCARS Annual Foster Care Database)

Number of Children In Care on 10/1 Entered Care Exited Care In Care on 9/30 Total Served FY1999 (10/1/98 - 9/30/99) 5,523 2,912 2,854 5,581 8,435 FY2000 (10/1/99 - 9/30/00) 5,395 3,157 3,146 5,406 8,552 FY2001 (10/1/00 - 9/30/01) 5,194 3,014 3,184 5,024 8,208 FY2002 (10/1/01 - 9/30/02) 4,851 2,974 2,996 4,829 7,825 Median Length of Stay (Months)   FY1999 (10/1/98 - 9/30/99) 22.9 N/A 13.5 19.5 N/A FY2000 (10/1/99 - 9/30/00) 19.8 N/A 11.8 16.3 N/A FY2001 (10/1/00 - 9/30/01) 17.1 N/A 11.7 15.3 N/A FY2002 (10/1/01 - 9/30/02) 15.9 N/A 11.5 15.4 N/A Age of Children in Foster Care (%) In Care On: 10/1/98 In Care On: 10/1/99 In Care On: 10/1/00 In Care On: 10/1/01 Entered Care During FY: 1999 Entered Care During FY: 2000 Entered Care During FY: 2001 Entered Care During FY: 2002 Exited Care During FY: 1999 Exited Care During FY: 2000 Exited Care During FY:2001 Exited Care During FY: 2002 In Care On: 9/30/99 In Care On: 9/30/00 In Care On: 9/30/01 In Care On: 9/30/02 Under 1 Year 2.8 2.4 2.7 2.8 9.2 9.8 10 11.3 2.5 2.8 2.9 3.2 2.4 2.7 2.7 3.8 1-5 years 22.2 21.1 20.8 21.4 22.8 22.5 23.3 24.1 24.2 22.4 22.3 22.1 21 20.7 21.3 23.2 6-10 years 26.7 24.5 24.3 23.1 20.6 20.7 19.1 17.6 23.5 19.9 20.5 18.7 24.4 24 22.8 20.6 11-15 years 34.9 36 35.8 36.3 37.9 38.1 38.6 36.6 26.1 28.6 29.3 30.1 36.5 36.3 36.8 35.9 16-18 years 13.4 15.9 16.4 16.3 9.4 8.9 9.1 10.6 23.7 26.2 24.9 25.9 15.7 16.4 16.4 16.5 19+ years -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- Unknown / Missing data -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- Total % 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 Number 5,523 5,395 5,194 4,851 2,912 3,157 3,014 2,974 2,854 3,146 3,184 2,996 5,581 5,406 5,024 4,829 Race/Ethnicity of Children in Foster Care (%) In Care On: 10/1/98 In Care On: 10/1/99 In Care On: 10/1/00 In Care On: 10/1/01 Entered Care During FY: 1999 Entered Care During FY: 2000 Entered Care During FY: 2001 Entered Care During FY: 2002 Exited Care During FY: 1999 Exited Care During FY: 2000 Exited Care During FY:2001 Exited Care During FY: 2002 In Care On: 9/30/99 In Care On: 9/30/00 In Care On: 9/30/01 In Care On: 9/30/02 Alaska Native/American Indian 0.4 0.4 0.3 0.3 0.4 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.3 0.3 0.2 0.4 0.3 0.2 0.4 Asian N/A 0.3 0.3 0.4 N/A 0.2 0.4 0.5 N/A 0.3 0.3 0.5 N/A 0.2 0.3 0.4 Asian/Pacific Islander 0.2 N/A N/A N/A 0.4 N/A N/A N/A 0.3 N/A N/A N/A 0.3 N/A N/A N/A Black 64.6 62.9 61.7 60.4 59.7 57.2 58.1 54.4 61.7 58.9 59.9 58.9 63.5 61.9 60.7 57.6 Native Hawaiian/Other Pacific Islander N/A -- -- -- N/A -- 0.1 -- N/A -- 0 -- N/A -- 0 -- Hispanic 0.6 0.8 0.9 0.8 1 1.6 1 1.3 0.8 1.3 1.2 1.3 0.7 0.9 0.7 0.8 White 33.7 34 35.4 36.8 38.2 39.8 39 42.3 36.4 37.8 37.1 37.7 34.7 35.2 36.5 39.7 Two or more races N/A 1.4 1.2 1.1 N/A 0.7 0.4 0.4 N/A 1.1 0.7 0.7 N/A 1.2 1 0.8 Unknown / Missing data 0.5 0.3 0.3 0.3 0.3 0.4 0.8 0.7 0.5 0.3 0.4 0.6 0.4 0.3 0.5 0.4 Total % 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 Number 5,523 5,395 5,194 4,851 2,912 3,157 3,014 2,974 2,854 3,146 3,184 2,996 5,581 5,406 5,024 4,829

D. Children Waiting to be Adopted (AFCARS Annual Foster Care Database:  Fiscal Year Data)6

Overview 9/30/99 9/30/00 9/30/01 9/30/02 Children waiting to be adopted 1,477 1,542 1,441 1,472 Children whose parents' rights have been terminated (TPR) 375 514 553 939 Age of Waiting Children (%) 1999 2000 2001 2002 Under 1 Year 1.2 1 1.4 1.4 1-5 years 28.4 26.7 25.4 26.6 6-10 years 39.3 35.9 34.4 30.2 11-15 years 29.1 32.3 33.1 35 16+ years 2.1 4 5.7 6.8 Unknown / Missing data -- -- -- -- Total % 100 100 100 100 Number 1,477 1,542 1,441 1,472 Race/Ethnicity of Waiting Children (%) 1999 2000 2001 2002 Alaska Native/American Indian 0.3 0.4 0.1 0.1 Asian N/A -- 0.3 0.5 Asian/Pacific Islander -- N/A N/A N/A Black 62.5 60.4 58.8 59.6 Native Hawaiian/Other Pacific Islander N/A -- -- -- Hispanic 0.5 0.6 1 1 White 35.8 36.6 37.7 36.9 Two or more races N/A 1.7 2 1.5 Unknown / Missing data 0.9 0.3 0.1 0.3 Total % 100 100 100 100 Number 1,477 1,542 1,441 1,472

6Waiting children are children who have a goal of adoption and/or whose parents' rights have been terminated (TPR). Children 16 years and older with TPR, but with a goal of emancipation have been excluded from the waiting children and TPR populations.Back

E. Children Adopted (AFCARS Annual Adoption Database)

Age of Adopted Children (%) 1999 2000 2001 2002 Under 1 Year 1.4 0.6 0.2 1 1-5 years 37.1 35.1 37.7 41.1 6-10 years 44.7 40.8 41.3 37 11-15 years 14.9 21.8 17.4 17.7 16+ years 2 1.7 3.4 3.3 Total % 100 100 100 100 Number 356 476 470 487 Race/Ethnicity of Adopted Children (%) 1999 2000 2001 2002 Alaska Native/American Indian 0.8 0.4 0.6 0.2 Asian N/A -- -- 0.2 Asian/Pacific Islander -- N/A N/A N/A Black 64.3 59.9 58.1 50.1 Native Hawaiian/Other Pacific Islander N/A -- -- -- Hispanic 0.3 1.3 0.4 1.2 White 34 36.8 38.9 45.8 Two or more races N/A 1.5 1.7 2.5 Unknown / Missing data 0.6 0.2 0.2 -- Total % 100 100 100 100 Number 356 476 470 487

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Louisiana [ Outcomes Data ]

1. Reduce Recurrence of Child Abuse and/or Neglect (NCANDS)

1.1 Recurrence of Maltreatment Within 6 Months (%) 1999 2000 2001 2002 Children without a recurrence 92.7 92 93.2 92.5 Children with one or more recurrences 7.3 8 6.8 7.5 Total % 100 100 100 100 Number 4,489 5,021 4,670 4,938

2. Reduce the Incidence of Child Abuse and/or Neglect in Foster Care (NCANDS, AFCARS Annual Foster Care Database Jan-Sept)

2.1 Maltreatment in Foster Care (%) 1999 2000 2001 2002 Children maltreated while in foster care 0.7 0.7 0.6 0.7 Children not maltreated while in foster care 99.3 99.3 99.4 99.3 Total % 100 100 100 100 Number 7,793 7,847 7,351 7,055

3. Increase Permanency for Children in Foster Care (AFCARS Annual Foster Care Database:  Fiscal Year Data)

3.1 Exits from Foster Care (%) 1999 2000 2001 2002 Adoption 12.3 15 14.9 16.2 Guardianship 1.3 1.8 1.4 2.1 Reunification 66.3 58.6 55.9 55.2 Other 19.8 24.6 27.8 26.5 Missing data 0.3 -- -- -- Total % 100 100 100 100 Number 2,854 3,146 3,184 2,996 Percent Exits from Foster Care 1999 2000 2001 2002   3.2 Exits of Disabled Children (%) 1999 2000 2001 2002 Adoption 16.7 12.6 13.2 19.9 Guardianship 1 0.9 -- 1.4 Reunification 43.1 42.4 40.1 33.5 Other 39.1 44.1 46.7 45.3 Missing data 0.2 -- -- -- Total % 100 100 100 100 Number 599 762 713 654 3.3 Exits of Children Over Age 12 at Entry (%) 1999 2000 2001 2002 Adoption 0.1 0.3 0.6 0.7 Guardianship 1.1 1.4 0.6 1.4 Reunification 52.6 46.6 41 44.4 Other 45.2 51.8 57.8 53.5 Missing data 1 -- -- -- Total % 100 100 100 100 Number 812 1,101 1,128 1,095 3.4 Exits to Emancipation (%) 1999 2000 2001 2002 Children age 12 or younger at entry 50.2 49.3 51.1 49.1 Children older than 12 at entry 49.8 50.7 48.9 50.9 Missing data -- -- -- -- Total % 100 100 100 100 Number 315 298 311 291

3.5 Exits by Race/Ethnicity (%) Alaska Native/A.I. Asian Asian/Pacific Islander Black Native Hawaiian/ Other P.I.   1999 2000 2001 2002 1999 2000 2001 2002 1999 2000 2001 2002 1999 2000 2001 2002 1999 2000 2001 2002 Adoption 27.3 25 30 16.7 N/A -- -- 6.7 -- N/A N/A N/A 12.7 15.1 14.4 13.7 N/A -- -- -- Guardianship -- -- -- -- N/A -- -- -- -- N/A N/A N/A 1 1.4 1.2 1.8 N/A -- -- -- Reunification 45.5 75 60 50 N/A 70 87.5 86.7 37.5 N/A N/A N/A 20.9 27.5 29.6 29 N/A -- 100 -- Other 27.3 -- 10 33.3 N/A 30 12.5 6.7 -- N/A N/A N/A 0.3 -- -- -- N/A -- -- -- Missing data -- -- -- -- N/A -- -- -- N/A -- -- -- Total % 100 100 100 100 N/A 100 100 100 100 N/A N/A N/A 100 100 100 100 N/A -- 100 -- Number 11 8 10 6 N/A 10 8 15 8 N/A N/A N/A 1,761 1,853 1,908 1,766 N/A -- 3 --     Hispanic White Unable to Determine Two or More Races Missing Data   1999 2000 2001 2002 1999 2000 2001 2002 1999 2000 2001 2002 1999 2000 2001 2002 1999 2000 2001 2002 Adoption 4.5 14.6 5.1 15 11.6 14.8 15.7 19.8 15.4 9.1 8.3 -- N/A 20.6 36.4 54.5 -- -- -- -- Guardianship 4.5 -- -- 2.5 1.8 2.5 1.8 2.7 -- -- 16.7 -- N/A -- -- -- -- -- -- -- Reunification 72.7 65.9 71.8 65 68.4 61.9 56.8 53.8 69.2 72.7 50 94.4 N/A 64.7 63.6 36.4 -- -- -- -- Other 18.2 19.5 23.1 17.5 17.9 20.8 25.8 23.8 15.4 18.2 25 5.6 N/A 14.7 -- 9.1 -- -- -- -- Missing data -- -- -- -- 0.2 -- -- -- -- -- -- -- N/A -- -- -- -- -- -- -- Total % 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 N/A 100 100 100 -- -- -- -- Number 22 41 39 40 1,039 1,189 1,182 1,129 13 11 12 18 N/A 34 22 22 -- -- -- --

4. Reduce Time to Reunification Without Increasing Re-entry (AFCARS Annual Foster Care Database:  Fiscal Year Data)

4.1 Time to Reunification (%) 1999 2000 2001 2002 Less than 12 mos. 57.5 64.8 65 68.3 At least 12 mos., but less than 24 mos. 24.4 20.9 23.9 23.1 At least 24 mos., but less than 36 mos. 8.4 7.1 5.9 5 At least 36 mos., but less than 48 mos. 3.6 2.6 1.6 1 48 or more mos. 6 4.3 3.4 2.4 Missing data 0.1 0.3 0.2 0.2 Total % 100 100 100 100 Number 1,893 1,843 1,781 1,653 4.2 Children Who Entered Foster Care (%) 1999 2000 2001 2002 Children entering care for the first time 85 84.4 83 83.8 Children re-entering care within 12 mos. of a prior episode 6.8 7.1 7.8 6.8 Children re-entering care more than 12 mos. after a prior episode 8.2 8.5 9.2 9.4 Missing data -- -- -- -- Total % 100 100 100 100 Number 2,912 3,157 3,014 2,974

5. Reduce Time in Foster Care to Adoption (AFCARS Annual Foster Care Database:  Fiscal Year Data)

5.1 Time to Adoption (%) 1999 2000 2001 2002 Less than 12 mos. 3.4 1.5 1.1 2.5 At least 12 mos., but less than 24 mos. 7.4 11.4 10.6 15.7 At least 24 mos., but less than 36 mos. 19.1 21.8 28.3 30.9 At least 36 mos., but less than 48 mos. 21.1 20.3 24.1 23.7 48 or more mos. 48.9 44.9 35.9 27.2 Missing data -- -- -- -- Total % 100 100 100 100 Number 350 472 473 485

6. Increase Placement Stability (AFCARS Annual Foster Care Database)

6.1 Number of Placements by Time in Care (%) Year Children With 2 or Fewer Placements Children With 2 or Fewer Placements Missing Data Total % Number Less than 12 mos. 1999 80.3 18.7 1 100 3,394 2000 79.4 19.3 1.4 100 3,849 2001 83.3 15.3 1.4 100 3,784 2002 81.7 16.2 2 100 3,682 At least 12 mos., but less than 24 mos. 1999 50.1 49.8 0.1 100 1,585 2000 49.7 49.8 0.5 100 1,510 2001 56.7 42.6 0.6 100 1,588 2002 56.2 43.4 0.4 100 1,549 At least 24 mos., but less than 36 mos. 1999 30.8 69 0.1 100 898 2000 30.4 69.5 0.1 100 862 2001 48.1 51.5 0.4 100 757 2002 45.4 54.6 -- 100 800 At least 36 mos., but less than 48 mos. 1999 20.1 79.5 0.5 100 648 2000 22.3 77.7 -- 100 561 2001 42.2 57.8 -- 100 521 2002 48 52 -- 100 435 48 or more mos. 1999 13 86.9 0 100 1,888 2000 10.8 89.1 0 100 1,762 2001 26.7 73.2 0 100 1,554 2002 24.6 75.3 0 100 1,351 Missing data 1999 100 -- -- 100 22 2000 87.5 -- 12.5 100 8 2001 50 -- 50 100 4 2002 75 -- 25 100 8

7. Reduce Placements of Young Children in Group Homes or Institutions (AFCARS Annual Foster Care Database)

7.1 Most Recent Placement Settings of Children Who Entered Care During the Fiscal Year and Were Age 12 or Younger at the Time of This Placement (%) 1999 2000 2001 2002 Group homes 2.1 2.1 1.5 2.2 Institutions 5.6 6.3 6.2 5.1 Other settings 92.3 91.7 92.3 92.7 Missing data -- -- -- -- Total % 100 100 100 100 Number 1,762 1,901 1,801 1,759

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Louisiana [ Federal Comment ]

The following discussion focuses on Louisiana’s performance with regard to each of the outcomes assessed in the Child Welfare Outcomes Annual Reports to Congress. The Louisiana Child and Family Services Review (CFSR) was completed in fiscal year (FY) 2003, and compliance with the national standards was based on data from 2001. The final report for that review is available from the Child Welfare Monitoring Documents Library. A discussion of the implications of CFSR findings for Louisiana’s performance on the Report to Congress Outcomes is provided in Child Welfare Outcomes 2001.

The Federal Comment includes an examination of State performance in 2002 and the percent change in performance from 1999 to 2002. A difference in percent change from 1999 to 2002 that was less than 5.0 in either direction was considered to represent “no change in performance.” With the exception of outcome measure 2.1, the data presented in the Report to Congress are rounded to one decimal. However, the percent change in performance was calculated using data rounded to two decimals. Measure 2.1 is rounded to two decimals because the national standard is less than one percent. Key findings of the analyses of national data pertaining to State variation in performance on the outcome measures are incorporated into a State’s Federal Comment when relevant.

Outcome 1. Reduce recurrence of child abuse and/or neglect
In calendar year (CY) 2002, Louisiana’s rate of maltreatment recurrence within 6 months was 7.5 percent, which does not meet the national standard (6.1 percent or less), but is equal to the national median (7.5 percent). Performance on this measure exhibited no change from 1999 to 2002.

Outcome 2. Reduce the incidence of child abuse and/or neglect in foster care
In CY 2002, Louisiana’s incidence of maltreatment in foster care was 0.74 percent, which is more than both the national standard (0.57 percent or less) and the national median (0.39 percent). Performance on this measure declined slightly from 1999 to 2002 (+6.79 percent change).

Outcome 3. Increase permanency for children in foster care
In FY 2002, 73.5 percent of children exiting foster care in Louisiana were discharged to a permanent home (which is less than the national median of 86.1 percent); 54.7 percent of children with a diagnosed disability who exited foster care were discharged to a permanent home (which is less than the national median of 79.8 percent); and 46.5 percent of children exiting foster care who were older than age 12 at entry into foster care were discharged to a permanent home (which is less than the national median of 72.0 percent). In addition, 49.1 percent of the children emancipated from foster care were age 12 or younger when they entered foster care, which is more than the national median of 26.9 percent. These findings suggest that the State experiences considerable challenges in achieving permanency for children exiting foster care.

Louisiana’s performance declined from FY 1999 to FY 2002 with regard to: (1) the percentage of all children exiting foster care to a permanent home (-8.0 percent change); (2) the percentage of children with a diagnosed disability exiting foster care to a permanent home (-9.9 percent change); and (3) the percentage of children exiting to a permanent home who were older than age 12 when they entered foster care (-13.6 percent change).

Outcome 4. Reduce time to reunification without increasing re-entry
In FY 2002, the percentage of all reunifications in Louisiana occurring within 12 months of a child’s entry into foster care was 68.3, which does not meet the national standard (76.2 percent or more), but is about equal to the national median (68.0 percent). Performance with regard to reunifications within 12 months improved from FY 1999 to FY 2002 (+18.8 percent change).

Because the cross-State analysis found a substantial positive relationship between the percentage of reunifications within 12 months and the percentage of children entering foster care who were re-entering within 12 months of a prior episode, Louisiana’s performance in FY 2002 with regard to reunifications within 12 months must be considered in the context of its re-entry rate. For Louisiana, the percentage of children entering foster care in FY 2002 who were re-entering within 12 months of a discharge from a prior foster care episode was 6.8, which is less than both the national standard (8.6 percent or less) and the national median (9.9 percent). Thus, although Louisiana had a relatively low percentage of reunifications in FY 2002 occurring within 12 months of entry into foster care, the State also had a relatively low percentage of children entering foster care who were re-entering within 12 months of a prior episode.

Outcome 5. Reduce time in foster care to adoption
In FY 2002, the percentage of all finalized adoptions occurring within 24 months of a child’s entry into foster care was 18.1, which is less than both the national standard (32.0 percent or more) and the national median (23.0 percent). Change in performance on this measure is assessed from FY 2000 to FY 2002 due to data quality issues for many States for this measure in FY 1999. Louisiana’s performance on this measure improved from FY 2000 to FY 2002 (+40.4 percent change).

Outcome 6. Increase placement stability
In FY 2002, the percentage of children who experienced no more than 2 placement settings during their first 12 months in foster care was 81.7, which is less than both the national standard (86.7 percent or more) and the national median (84.1 percent). Performance on this measure did not change from FY 1999 to FY 2002.

Outcome 7. Reduce placements of young children in group homes and institutions
In FY 2002, the percentage of children age 12 or younger placed in a group home or institution was 7.3, which is less than the national median of 8.6 percent. Performance on this measure improved slightly from FY 1999 to FY 2002 (-5.0 percent change).

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