CHAPTER 5. SERVICESFurther examination of service categories provides an understanding of how States expended the Social Services Block Grant (SSBG) allocation and Temporary Assistance for Needy Families (TANF) Block Grant transfer funds. This chapter outlines expenditures and recipient data for each of the 29 service categories. The chapter also includes a section that illustrates the various methods of providing services. The following analyses of the information reported by the States about each service category include:
Trend analyses are provided for 10 specific service categories--case management, child day care, child foster care, home-based services, prevention and intervention services, adult protective services, child protective services, residential treatment, special services for individuals with disabilities, and other services. These trends provide an overall picture of how SSBG expenditures for specific services have changed during the past 5 years at the national level. It is important to note that changes at the national level are sometimes driven by changes in a small number of large States. Also, different States may be included in the totals for different years, because States have the flexibility to use SSBG for different services each year. (See appendix D for service definitions.) Appendix F, tables F-3, F-6, F-7, F-8, and F-9, provides greater detail regarding the funding and recipients of specific social services within each State. Adoption ServicesTwenty-nine States reported SSBG expenditures for adoption services.
Case ManagementTwenty-seven States reported SSBG expenditures for case management.
SSBG Expenditures Trend: 2000-2004SSBG expenditures for case management services peaked at $180 million by 29 States during 2000. Although expenditures of the TANF transfer remained level between 2002 and 2004, there has been a 9 percent increase in SSBG allocation expenditures. Massachusetts and Nevada added, and Tennessee dropped, SSBG expenditures for case management in 2004. (See figure 5-1.)
Congregate MealsTen States reported SSBG expenditures for congregate meals.
Counseling ServicesTwenty-three States reported SSBG expenditures for counseling services.
Day Care--AdultsTwenty-two States reported SSBG expenditures for adult day care.
Day Care--ChildrenForty-one States reported SSBG expenditures for child day care.
SSBG Expenditures Trend: 2000-2004Expenditures for child day care services peaked in 2004 when 41 States reported $254 million for this service. This peak is a 35 percent increase from the previous year. While the same number of States reported SSBG expenditures in 2004 as in 2003, New Hampshire was added to this count, and Virginia removed, in 2004. California increased its SSBG expenditures for child day care in 2004 by $50 million, and New York added $46 million to its expenditures of TANF transfer funds for child day care. (See figure 5-2.)
Education and Training ServicesSeventeen States reported SSBG expenditures for education and training services.
Provider Profile: Classroom on WheelsClassroom on Wheels (COW) provides bilingual educational services to at-risk preschoolers in 23 neighborhoods across Las Vegas. In addition, COW also has a parenting development course and an accredited drug prevention program. COW provides these programs in self-contained classrooms within renovated school buses. The mission statement of the program is to "address the developmental needs of at-risk preschool children and empower their families to provide a nurturing environment with a goal of success in school and a healthy lifestyle." Employment ServicesFourteen States reported SSBG expenditures for employment services.
Family Planning ServicesFourteen States reported SSBG expenditures for family planning services.
Foster Care Services--AdultsThirteen States reported SSBG expenditures for adult foster care.
Foster Care Services--ChildrenThirty-seven States reported SSBG expenditures for child foster care.
SSBG Expenditures Trend: 2000-2004Expenditures for child foster care have been greater than $300 million since 2000, except for during 2001 and 2002, when they dropped below $275 million. Alaska, Illinois, and Rhode Island all added, and Tennessee dropped, SSBG expenditures for child foster care services in 2004. However, overall expenditures in 2004 were approximately the same as in 2003. (See figure 5-3.)
Health-Related ServicesFifteen States reported SSBG expenditures for health-related services.
Home-Based ServicesThirty-eight States reported SSBG expenditures for home-based services.
SSBG Expenditures Trend: 2000-2004SSBG expenditures for home-based services have remained at just over $200 million, with a drop in 2003 to $171 million. California and Vermont added SSBG expenditures in 2004. The 29 percent increase in SSBG expenditures between 2003 and 2004 was due largely to California's addition of $41 million of SSBG expenditures for home-based services, reported in earlier years but then dropped in 2003, and a $14 million increase by Illinois. (See figure 5-4.)
Home-Delivered MealsEighteen States reported SSBG expenditures for home-delivered meals.
Housing ServicesTen States reported SSBG expenditures for housing services.
Independent/Transitional Living ServicesSeventeen States reported SSBG expenditures for independent/transitional living.
Information and ReferralNineteen States reported SSBG expenditures for information and referral.
Legal ServicesFifteen States reported SSBG expenditures for legal services.
Pregnancy and ParentingTen States reported SSBG expenditures for pregnancy and parenting services.
Provider Profile: Parents Too SoonParents Too Soon is a statewide program in Illinois, located in community-based agencies throughout the State, that works with individuals younger than 20 years to prevent teen pregnancy and support parenting teens. The goal of the program is to build strong relationships between parenting teens and their children and to prevent subsequent pregnancies. Types of services provided include peer support groups, tutoring, recreational activities, developmental screenings for babies, information on family planning, prenatal and postnatal care, and child care services. The Illinois Department of Human Services supports this program with SSBG funds and in conjunction with the Ounce of Prevention Fund, which works to promote the healthy development of children and their families. Prevention and InterventionThirty-four States reported SSBG expenditures for prevention and intervention services.
SSBG Expenditures Trend: 2000-2004SSBG expenditures for prevention and intervention services were stable at $206 million during 2000 and 2001. Although SSBG expenditures dropped during 2002 and 2003, there was a 15 percent increase in expenditures between 2003 and 2004. A $21 million increase by Oklahoma was responsible in large part for this overall increase. The number of States reporting SSBG expenditures for prevention intervention dropped from 36 in 2003 to 34 in 2004. (See figure 5-5.)
Protective Services--AdultsThirty-four States reported SSBG expenditures for adult protective services.
SSBG Expenditures Trend: 2000-2004SSBG expenditures for adult protective services remained steady at approximately $150 million between 2000 and 2003, with a 9 percent decrease in 2004. The States reporting expenditures for this service did not change from 2003 to 2004. (See figure 5-6.)
Protective Services--ChildrenThirty-eight States reported SSBG expenditures for child protective services.
SSBG Expenditures Trend: 2000-2004SSBG expenditures for child protective services peaked in 2002 at $330 million, and then dropped to $217 million in 2003. In 2004, SSBG expenditures dropped further, to $194 million, representing a 70 percent decrease from 2002. The number of States using SSBG for child protective services decreased in 2004 from 39 to 38--Maine reported SSBG expenditures for this service while Tennessee and New York did not. (See figure 5-7.)
Recreation ServicesNine States reported SSBG expenditures for recreation services.
Residential TreatmentTwenty-three States reported SSBG expenditures for residential treatment.
SSBG Expenditures Trend: 2000-2004SSBG expenditures for residential treatment increased between 2000 and 2002 from $101 million to $118 million, and then dropped to $86 million in 2003. In 2004, the amount of SSBG expenditures for this service remained at a similar level, $84 million. The number of States using SSBG for residential services decreased in 2004 from 24 to 23, which included the addition of Illinois and South Dakota, and Washington no longer reporting expenditures for this service. (See figure 5-8.)
Special Services--DisabledTwenty-seven States reported SSBG expenditures for special services for individuals with disabilities.
SSBG Expenditures Trend: 2000-2004SSBG expenditures for special services for individuals with disabilities increased sharply in 2002. In 2002, both California and Florida increased their expenditures for this service by more than $50 million. This higher level of SSBG expenditures for this service has been maintained through 2004, with the same 27 States reporting SSBG expenditures. (See figure 5-9.)
Special Services--Youth at RiskFifteen States reported SSBG expenditures for special services for youth at risk.
Provider Profile: Youth Service CentersYouth Service Centers, located throughout the State of Hawaii, provide a place where youth--particularly those involved with the juvenile justice system--can access services and activities aimed to help them be successful young adults. Thirteen agencies across the State provide services at 34 sites. These services include short-term counseling with runaways or other youth and their parents; case management and information and referral services; support in the transition of a child's placement; and counseling to help youth modify destructive behaviors and support to encourage positive behaviors. Substance Abuse ServicesFourteen States reported SSBG expenditures for substance abuse services.
TransportationTwenty-two States reported SSBG expenditures for transportation services.
Other ServicesTwenty-five States reported SSBG expenditures for other services, a category that includes services that fall outside the definitions of the other 28 services. States reported a range of services within this category, including volunteer services, migrant services, summer enrichment activities, and Indian outreach activities.
SSBG Expenditures Trend: 2000-2004The number of States reporting SSBG expenditures for other services has declined steadily since 2000, from 35 in 2000 to 25 in 2004. Expenditures have also been declining, with the exception of an increase in 2003, which was primarily due to an increase by New York. Technical assistance to States during this period has encouraged States to report expenditures and recipients for the other 28 service categories, and to only use the other services category when necessary. (See figure 5-10.)
1 Recipients may be children and adults within the same family. 2 Maryland, Minnesota, North Carolina, North Dakota, Ohio, Utah, and Virginia reported that 12,078 adults received adoption services. These adults were most often biological or adoptive parents who received services. 3 Nevada reported that 103 children received adult day care services. These recipients were developmentally disabled and resided in group homes or residential treatment centers. 4 Minnesota reported that 10,233 adults received child day care services. These adults were most often parents who received some additional services from the day care centers in which their children were enrolled. 5 North Carolina and Massachusetts reported that 1,588 adults received child foster care services, which included assessment, training, monitoring, and recruitment activities provided to current and prospective foster parents. 6 Georgia, New Jersey, North Carolina, Rhode Island, Texas, and Virginia reported 345 children who received home-delivered meals. 7 Minnesota reported 11 children as recipients of adult protective services. These children were family members of adult service recipients, who received some related services. 8 Minnesota and Texas reported 298,382 adults who received child protective services. These adults were most often family members of child service recipients, who received some related services. |
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