CHAPTER 4. SERVICES

This chapter provides trend analyses, by service, for the past 5 years (2001-2005). The chapter also outlines expenditure and recipient data for each of the 29 service categories to provide an understanding of how States expended the Social Services Block Grant (SSBG) allocation and Temporary Assistance for Needy Families (TANF) Block Grant transfer funds. It also includes a section that illustrates the various methods of providing services.

SSBG 5-YEAR EXPENDITURE TRENDS: 2001-2005

Trend analyses are provided for the five service categories that have had the highest SSBG expenditures from 2001 through 2005--child day care, child foster care, home-based services, child protective services, and special services for individuals with disabilities. In addition, trends are provided regarding expenditures for administrative costs. Trend analyses for eight additional service categories with the most variance between 2001 and 2005 are summarized by service categories where expenditures have declined, and service categories where expenditures have increased. These trends provide an overall picture of how SSBG expenditures for specific services have changed during the past 5 years at the national level. It is important to note that although the Federal SSBG allocation has remained constant, funds transferred into the SSBG from TANF have decreased by $117 million (12%) from 2001 to 2005. (See chapter 2, figure 2-2.) Also, changes at the national level are sometimes driven by changes in a small number of large States. Different States may be included in the totals for different years, because States have the flexibility to use SSBG funds for different services each year. (See appendix D for service definitions.)

Five Largest SSBG Expenditure Categories

Trend data for the five service categories receiving the largest amount of SSBG expenditures from 2001 to 2005 are examined here. These service categories include child day care, foster care services, home-based services, child protective services, and special services for persons with disabilities. In addition, there has been a decrease in expenditures for administrative costs.

The highest amount of expenditures for child day care during the past 5 years was $254.1 million (41 States) during 2004. The expenditures for this service increased by 20 percent, from $201.4 million (45 States) for 2001 to $241.3 million (41 States) in 2005. (See figure 4-1.)

Figure 4-1 Child Day Care Services SSBG Expenditures, 2001-2005 (in millions)
Year	SSBG Expenditures	Number of States
2001	$201	45
2002	$205	44
2003	$165	41
2004	$254	41
2005	$241	42

During the past 5 years, there was an increase of 33 percent in expenditures for child foster care services, making it the largest expenditure category of 2005. The expenditures for this service increased from $270.1 million (35 States) in 2001 to $359.4 million (38 States) in 2005. (See figure 4-2.)

Figure 4-2 Child Foster Care Services, SSBG Expenditures, 2000-2004 (in millions)
Year	SSBG Expenditures	Number of States
2001	$270	35
2002	$264	37
2003	$332	35
2004	$332	37
2005	$359	38

Expenditures for home-based services fluctuated between 2001 ($202.3 million for 37 States) and 2005 ($176.1 million for 34 States), with expenditures during 2005 totaling 13 percent less than the expenditures during 2001. (See figure 4-3.)

Figure 4-3 Home-Based Services, SSBG Expenditures, 2000-2004 (in millions)
Year	SSBG Expenditures	Number of States
2001	$202	37
2002	$226	35
2003	$171	36
2004	$221	38
2005	$176	34

In 2001, child protective services received the largest amount of SSBG funds ($313.8 million for 43 States). Since 2001, expenditures for child protective services have declined by 18 percent, to $256.6 million for 41 States in 2005. (See figure 4-4.)

Figure 4-4 Child Protective Services, SSBG Expenditures, 2001-2005 (in millions)*
Year	SSBG Expenditures	Number of States
2001	$314	43
2002	$330	40
2003	$217	39
2004	$194	38
2005	$257	41

Expenditures for special services for persons with disabilities increased by 52 percent from 2001 ($220.9 million for 28 States) to 2004 ($336.1 million for 27 States). There was a 24 percent decrease in expenditures from 2004 to 2005, when the expenditures were $254.6 million for 27 States. (See figure 4-5.)

Figure 4-5 Special Services for Individuals with Disabilities, SSBG Expenditures, 2000-2004 (in millions)
Year	SSBG Expenditures	Number of States
2001	$221	28
2002	$328	28
2003	$342	27
2004	$336	27
2005	$255	27

Decline in Expenditures

In addition to a decline in expenditures for child protective services identified above, there has been a decline in expenditures for counseling services, employment services, independent/transitional living services, prevention and intervention services, and substance abuse services and expenditures for administrative costs. A detailed description of the percentage and dollar amount decrease in these service categories during the past 5 years is provided below.

• Expenditures for counseling services declined 41 percent between 2001 and 2005, from $42.4 million for 24 States to $24.9 million for 23 States. The largest decrease occurred during 2003 ($12.1 million), and the expenditures have remained constant since that year.
• Expenditures for employment services increased 135 percent between 2001 ($20.3 million for 16 States) and 2002 ($47.8 million for 15 States). Since 2002, the expenditures for this service have decreased 72 percent to $13.5 million for 11 States.
• Expenditures for independent/transitional living services were almost six times more in 2002 ($20.0 million for 17 States) than in 2001 ($3.0 million for 14 States). Expenditures have steadily declined since 2002, to $8.4 million (18 States) in 2005.
• There has been a 29 percent decline in expenditures for prevention and intervention services, from $205.7 million (34 States) for 2001 to $145.1 million (35 States) in 2005.
• Expenditures for substance abuse services underwent a steady decline from $16.4 million for 2001 (12 States) to $6.4 million in 2005 (12 States). This is a 61 percent decrease during a 5-year period.

From 2001 to 2005, there also has been a continual decrease in expenditures for administrative costs. Expenditures for administrative costs have declined by 37 percent in the past 5 years, from $270.2 million (for 44 States) in 2001 to $170.4 million (for 41 States) in 2005. (See figure 4-6.)

Figure 4-6 Administrative Costs, SSBG Expenditures, 2001-2005 (in millions)
Year	SSBG Expenditures	Number of States
2001	$270	44
2002	$234	44
2003	$214	45
2004	$189	42
2005	$170	41

Increase in Expenditures

In addition to increases in expenditures in child day care, special services for persons with disabilities, and child foster care services, there has been an overall increase in expenditures for housing services, and a recent increase in expenditures for education and training services and special services for youth at risk.

• Expenditures for housing services increased by 61 percent from 2001 ($9.2 million for 11 States) to 2005 ($14.8 million for 11 States).
• Expenditures for education and training services fluctuated from 2001 to 2005. However, SSBG expenditures more than doubled during the past year, from $8.4 million in 2004 (17 States) to $17.5 million in 2005 (16 States).
• Expenditures for special services for youth at risk declined by 73 percent from 2001 ($62.2 million for 19 States) to 2002 ($16.7 million for 19 States). However, in 2005, the expenditures more than quadrupled to $71.3 million for 19 States from 2004 ($13.3 million for 15 States).

Appendix G, table G-9, provides greater detail regarding SSBG expenditure trends from 2001 to 2005.

2005 SSBG SERVICE EXPENDITURES

The following analyses of the information reported by the States about each service category include:

• The amount of SSBG expenditures for a particular service and the State or States that accounted for the greatest percentage of that amount;
• The amount of TANF transfer expenditures used to support the service and the number of States that reported TANF transfer expenditures for that service;
• The States that reported at least 25 percent of their SSBG expenditures for the service, if any, or the State that reported the highest percentage of its expenditures for that service; and
• The number of individuals who received the service, as well as the percentages of children and adults.²⁴For services in which almost all SSBG funds were used for either children or adults, the majority of recipients are described in the last bullet of each section and the remaining recipients are listed in footnotes.

Appendix G, tables G-3, G-6, G-7, and G-8, provides greater detail regarding the funding and recipients of specific social services within each State.

Adoption Services

Thirty States reported SSBG expenditures for adoption services.

• SSBG expenditures for adoption services were $38 million; Kansas accounted for 19 percent of that amount.
• TANF transfer expenditures accounted for 36 percent ($14 million) of SSBG expenditures for adoption services--18 States reported TANF transfer expenditures for this service.
• In Kansas, 37 percent of SSBG expenditures were for adoption services.
• Approximately 172,000 children received adoption services funded by the SSBG.²⁵

Case Management

Twenty-eight States reported SSBG expenditures for case management.

• SSBG expenditures for case management were $161 million; Missouri accounted for 21 percent of that amount.
• TANF transfer expenditures accounted for 30 percent ($47 million) of SSBG expenditures for case management--13 States reported TANF transfer expenditures for this service.
• In Missouri, 60 percent of SSBG expenditures were for case management.
• Approximately 1.2 million individuals (44% children, 56% adults) received case management services funded by the SSBG.

Congregate Meals

Eleven States reported SSBG expenditures for congregate meals.

• SSBG expenditures for congregate meals were $6 million; Oklahoma accounted for 79 percent of that amount.
• TANF transfer expenditures accounted for 3 percent ($199,000) of SSBG expenditures for congregate meals--three States reported TANF transfer expenditures for this service.
• In Oklahoma, 14 percent of SSBG expenditures were for congregate meals.
• Approximately 110,000 individuals (more than 99% adults) benefited from congregate meals funded by the SSBG.

Counseling Services

Twenty-three States reported SSBG expenditures for counseling services.

• SSBG expenditures for counseling services were $25 million; Illinois accounted for 23 percent of that amount.
• TANF transfer expenditures accounted for 12 percent ($3 million) of SSBG expenditures for counseling services--eight States reported TANF transfer expenditures for this service.
• In North Dakota, 60 percent of SSBG expenditures were for counseling services.
• Approximately 187,000 individuals (54% children, 46% adults) accessed counseling services funded by the SSBG.

Day Care--Adults

Twenty-two States reported SSBG expenditures for adult day care.

• SSBG expenditures for adult day care were $12 million; Texas accounted for 32 percent of that amount.
• TANF transfer expenditures accounted for 4 percent ($473,000) of SSBG expenditures spent on adult day care--three States reported TANF transfer expenditures for this service.
• In Nebraska and Vermont, 4 percent of SSBG expenditures were for adult day care in each State.
• Approximately 48,000 adults attended adult day care programs that were funded by the SSBG.

Day Care--Children

Forty-two States reported SSBG expenditures for child day care.

• SSBG expenditures for child day care were $241 million; California accounted for 30 percent of that amount.
• TANF transfer expenditures accounted for 51 percent ($123 million) of SSBG expenditures for child day care--19 States reported TANF transfer expenditures for this service.
• Six States reported that 25 percent or more of their SSBG expenditures were for child day care--Delaware (48%), West Virginia (41%), Connecticut (37%), Rhode Island (28%), Pennsylvania (27%), and California (25%).
• Approximately 4.5 million children attended child day care programs funded by the SSBG.²⁶

Education and Training Services

Sixteen States reported SSBG expenditures for education and training services.

• SSBG expenditures for education and training services were $18 million; Indiana accounted for 68 percent of that amount.
• TANF transfer expenditures accounted for 6 percent ($1 million) of SSBG expenditures for education and training services--four States reported TANF transfer expenditures for this service.
• In Indiana, 34 percent of SSBG expenditures were for education and training services.
• Approximately 146,000 individuals (23% children, 77% adults) were enrolled in education and training programs funded by the SSBG.

Employment Services

Eleven States reported SSBG expenditures for employment services.

• SSBG expenditures for employment services were $14 million; Ohio accounted for 52 percent of that amount.
• TANF transfer expenditures accounted for 2 percent ($282,000) of SSBG expenditures for employment services--three States reported TANF transfer expenditures for this service.
• In Mississippi, 6 percent of SSBG expenditures were for employment services.
• More than 25,000 individuals (5% children, 95% adults) received employment services funded by the SSBG.

Family Planning Services

Thirteen States reported SSBG expenditures for family planning services.

• SSBG expenditures for family planning services were $38 million; Texas accounted for 70 percent of that amount.
• TANF transfer expenditures accounted for 58 percent ($22 million) of SSBG expenditures for family planning services--six States reported TANF transfer expenditures for this service.
• In Texas, 19 percent of SSBG expenditures were for family planning services.
• More than 679,000 individuals (16% children, 84% adults) accessed family planning services funded by the SSBG.

Foster Care Services--Adults

Fourteen States reported SSBG expenditures for adult foster care.

• SSBG expenditures for adult foster care were $16 million; Michigan accounted for 39 percent of that amount.
• TANF transfer expenditures accounted for 1 percent ($200,000) of SSBG expenditures for adult foster care--four States reported TANF transfer expenditures for this service.
• In Michigan, 6 percent of SSBG expenditures were for adult foster care.
• More than 18,000 adults received care in adult foster care programs funded by the SSBG.

Foster Care Services--Children

Thirty-eight States reported SSBG expenditures for child foster care.

• SSBG expenditures for child foster care were $359 million; California accounted for 18 percent of that amount.
• TANF transfer expenditures accounted for 60 percent ($215 million) of SSBG expenditures for child foster care--25 States reported TANF transfer expenditures for this service.
• Four States reported that more than 45 percent of their SSBG expenditures were used for this service--Colorado (91%), Louisiana (59%), Arizona (58%), and Alaska (47%).
• More than 516,000 children were cared for in child foster care programs funded by the SSBG.²⁷

Health-Related Services

Fifteen States reported SSBG expenditures for health-related services.

• SSBG expenditures for health-related services were $20 million; Florida accounted for 31 percent of that amount.
• TANF transfer expenditures accounted for 13 percent ($2 million) of SSBG expenditures for health-related services--seven States reported TANF transfer expenditures for this service.
• In New Mexico, 20 percent of SSBG expenditures were for health-related services.
• Approximately 1,241,000 individuals (83% children, 17% adults) received health-related services funded by the SSBG.

Home-Based Services

Thirty-four States reported SSBG expenditures for home-based services.

• SSBG expenditures for home-based services were $176 million; Illinois accounted for 24 percent of that amount.
• TANF transfer expenditures accounted for 13 percent ($23 million) of SSBG expenditures for home-based services--13 States reported TANF transfer expenditures for this service.
• In Illinois, 47 percent of SSBG expenditures were for home-based services.
• More than 254,000 individuals (21% children, 79% adults) benefited from home-based services funded by the SSBG.

Home-Delivered Meals

Eighteen States reported SSBG expenditures for home-delivered meals.

• SSBG expenditures for home-delivered meals were $21 million; Texas accounted for 56 percent of that amount.
• TANF transfer expenditures accounted for 3 percent ($594,000) of SSBG expenditures for home-delivered meals--four States reported TANF transfer expenditures for this service.
• In New Hampshire, 10 percent of SSBG expenditures were for home-delivered meals.
• More than 93,000 adults received home-delivered meals funded by the SSBG.²⁸

Housing Services

Eleven States reported SSBG expenditures for housing services.

• SSBG expenditures for housing services were $15 million; Pennsylvania accounted for 28 percent of that amount.
• TANF transfer expenditures accounted for 41 percent ($6 million) of SSBG expenditures for housing services--five States reported TANF transfer expenditures for this service.
• In Rhode Island, 13 percent of SSBG expenditures were for housing services.
• More than 260,000 individuals (36% children, 64% adults) received housing services funded by the SSBG.

Independent/Transitional Living Services

Eighteen States reported SSBG expenditures for independent/transitional living.

• SSBG expenditures for independent/transitional living were $8 million; Connecticut accounted for 61 percent of that amount.
• TANF transfer expenditures accounted for 14 percent ($1 million) of SSBG expenditures for independent/transitional living services--six States reported TANF transfer expenditures for this service.
• In Connecticut, 12 percent of SSBG expenditures were for independent/transitional living services.
• More than 38,000 individuals (7% children, 93% adults) participated in independent/transitional living programs funded by the SSBG.

Information and Referral

Eighteen States reported SSBG expenditures for information and referral.

• SSBG expenditures for information and referral were $19 million; Ohio accounted for 25 percent of that amount.
• TANF transfer expenditures accounted for 24 percent ($5 million) of SSBG expenditures for information and referral services--five States reported TANF transfer expenditures for this service.
• In New Hampshire, 11 percent of SSBG expenditures were for information and referral.
• Approximately 1.43 million individuals (39% children, 61% adults) received information and referral services funded by the SSBG.

Legal Services

Fourteen States reported SSBG expenditures for legal services.

• SSBG expenditures for legal services were $18 million; Florida accounted for 42 percent of that amount.
• TANF transfer expenditures accounted for 3 percent (approximately $593,000) of SSBG expenditures for legal services--four States reported TANF transfer expenditures for this service.
• In Florida and Pennsylvania, 5 percent of SSBG expenditures in each State were for legal services.
• Almost 92,000 individuals (40% children, 60% adults) received legal services funded by the SSBG.

Pregnancy and Parenting

Twelve States reported SSBG expenditures for pregnancy and parenting services.

• SSBG expenditures for pregnancy and parenting services were $8 million; Illinois accounted for 46 percent of that amount.
• TANF transfer expenditures accounted for 31 percent ($3 million) of SSBG expenditures for pregnancy and parenting services--three States reported TANF transfer expenditures for this service.
• In Illinois, 4 percent of SSBG expenditures were for pregnancy and parenting services.
• More than 133,000 individuals (31% children, 69% adults) accessed pregnancy and parenting services funded by the SSBG.

Prevention and Intervention

Thirty-five States reported SSBG expenditures for prevention and intervention services.

• SSBG expenditures for prevention and intervention services were $145 million; New York accounted for 46 percent of that amount.
• TANF transfer expenditures accounted for 67 percent ($97 million) of SSBG expenditures for prevention and intervention services--19 States reported TANF transfer expenditures for this service.
• Two States reported that more than 25 percent of their SSBG expenditures were for prevention and intervention services--New York (29%), and Oregon (28%).
• More than 845,000 individuals (64% children, 36% adults) benefited from prevention and intervention services funded by the SSBG.

Protective Services--Adults

Thirty-seven States reported SSBG expenditures for adult protective services.

• SSBG expenditures for adult protective services were $169 million; New York accounted for 36 percent of that amount.
• TANF transfer expenditures accounted for 11 percent ($19 million) of SSBG expenditures for adult protective services--nine States reported TANF transfer expenditures for this service.
• Three States reported that at least 25 percent of their SSBG expenditures were for adult protective services--New Mexico (30%), New York (26%), and the District of Columbia (26%).
• Approximately 412,000 adults received adult protective services funded by the SSBG.²⁹

Protective Services--Children

Forty-one States reported SSBG expenditures for child protective services.

• SSBG expenditures for child protective services were $257 million; Florida accounted for 14 percent of that amount.
• TANF transfer expenditures accounted for 49 percent ($127 million) of SSBG expenditures for child protective services--24 States reported TANF transfer expenditures for this service.
• Four States reported that at least 45 percent of their SSBG expenditures were for child protective services--Hawaii (62%), Kentucky (53%), Oklahoma (53%), and Alabama (48%).
• Approximately 1.5 million children received child protective services funded by the SSBG.³⁰

Recreation Services

Nine States reported SSBG expenditures for recreation services.

• SSBG expenditures for recreation services were $1.6 million; Ohio accounted for 55 percent of that amount.
• TANF transfer expenditures accounted for 20 percent ($322,000) of SSBG expenditures for recreation services--four States reported TANF transfer expenditures for this service.
• In Arkansas, 2 percent of SSBG expenditures were for recreation services.
• Approximately 35,000 individuals (17% children, 83% adults) participated in recreation programs that were funded by the SSBG.

Residential Treatment

Twenty-three States reported SSBG expenditures for residential treatment.

• SSBG expenditures for residential treatment were $93 million; Massachusetts accounted for 48 percent of that amount.
• TANF transfer expenditures accounted for 38 percent ($35 million) of SSBG expenditures for residential treatment--10 States reported TANF transfer expenditures for this service.
• Three States reported more than 25 percent of SSBG expenditures for residential treatment--Massachusetts (54%), Kentucky (32%), and Wyoming (32%).
• More than 47,000 individuals (59% children, 41% adults) were cared for in residential treatment programs funded by the SSBG.

Special Services for Individuals with Disabilities

Twenty-seven States reported SSBG expenditures for special services for individuals with disabilities.

• SSBG expenditures for special services for individuals with disabilities were $255 million; California accounted for 59 percent of that amount.
• TANF transfer expenditures accounted for 5 percent ($12 million) of SSBG expenditures for special services for individuals with disabilities--eight States reported TANF transfer expenditures for this service.
• Five States reported that more than 25 percent of their SSBG expenditures were used for special services for individuals with disabilities--Montana (63%), California (52%), Georgia (49%), Iowa (44%), and Kansas (37%).
• Approximately 1.3 million individuals with disabilities (28% children, 72% adults) benefited from special services funded by the SSBG.

Special Services--Youth at Risk

Nineteen States reported SSBG expenditures for special services for youth at risk.

• SSBG expenditures for special services for youth at risk were $71 million; Florida accounted for 70 percent of that amount.
• TANF transfer expenditures accounted for 8 percent ($6 million) of SSBG expenditures for special services for youth at risk--six States reported TANF transfer expenditures for this service.
• In Florida, 32 percent of SSBG expenditures were for special services for youth at risk.
• Approximately 156,000 at-risk youths participated in special services funded by the SSBG.

Substance Abuse Services

Twelve States reported SSBG expenditures for substance abuse services.

• SSBG expenditures for substance abuse services were $6 million; Connecticut accounted for 25 percent of that amount.
• TANF transfer expenditures accounted for 10 percent ($625,000) of SSBG expenditures for substance abuse services--two States reported TANF transfer expenditures for this service.
• In Arkansas, Connecticut, and Nevada, 4 percent of SSBG expenditures were for substance abuse services.
• More than 182,000 individuals (3% children, 97% adults) participated in substance abuse treatment or prevention programs funded by the SSBG.

Transportation

Twenty-one States reported SSBG expenditures for transportation services.

• SSBG expenditures for transportation services were $16 million; Ohio accounted for 31 percent of that amount.
• TANF transfer expenditures accounted for 22 percent ($4 million) of SSBG expenditures for transportation services--seven States reported TANF transfer expenditures for this service.
• In Georgia, 6 percent of SSBG expenditures were for transportation services.
• More than 185,000 individuals (15% children, 85% adults) benefited from transportation funded by the SSBG.

Other Services

Twenty-five States reported SSBG expenditures for other services, a category that includes services that fall outside the definitions of the other 28 services. States reported a range of services within this category, including volunteer services, migrant services, summer enrichment activities, and outreach activities.

• SSBG expenditures for other services were $117 million; Pennsylvania accounted for 27 percent of that amount.
• TANF transfer expenditures accounted for 19 percent ($23 million) of SSBG expenditures for other services--14 States reported TANF transfer expenditures for this service.
• Three States reported 25 percent or more of SSBG expenditures for other services--the District of Columbia (54%), Pennsylvania (27%), and Wisconsin (25%).
• More than 621,000 individuals (29% children, 71% adults) received other services funded by the SSBG.

SERVICE DELIVERY METHODS

Most States reported for each service category whether the service was provided by a public agency, by private contractors, or by both. Figure 4-7 illustrates, for each service category, the percentage of States that reported each of these types of delivery methods. Only States that used SSBG funds for a service and reported on types of delivery methods are included in the percentages.

Figure 4-7 Service Delivery Methods by Service, 2005
Service	% of States Public Only	% of States Private Only	% of States Both Public and Private
Protective Services--Adults	48%	6%	45%
Protective Services--Children	41%	11%	49%
Housing Services	40%	30%	30%
Legal Services	38%	23%	38%
Foster Care Services--Adults	38%	23%	38%
Foster Care Services--Children	37%	26%	37%
Residential Treatment	35%	25%	40%
Case Management	30%	15%	56%
Prevention and Intervention	28%	22%	50%
Independent/Transitional Living	28%	39%	33%
Pregnancy and Parenting	27%	27%	45%
Information and Referral	25%	13%	63%
Substance Abuse Services	25%	42%	33%
Adoption Services	24%	21%	55%
Recreation Services	22%	44%	33%
Employment Services	18%	27%	55%
Other Services	17%	21%	63%
Family Planning Services	17%	42%	42%
Special Services--Disabled	15%	35%	50%
Home-Based Services	14%	24%	62%
Counseling Services	13%	26%	61%
Health-Related Services	13%	13%	73%
Home-Delivered Meals	13%	31%	56%
Education and Training Services	12%	35%	53%
Day Care--Children	11%	26%	63%
Special Services--Youth at Risk	11%	42%	47%
Transportation	10%	25%	65%
Congregate Meals	10%	40%	50%
Day Care--Adults	10%	45%	45%

Almost half of the States (16 of 33) using SSBG funds for adult protective services reported that services were provided only by public agencies. Forty-five percent (9 of 20) of the States using SSBG funds for adult day care services reported that the services were provided only by private agencies. Most States (73%) using SSBG funds for health-related services reported that the services were provided by a combination of public and private agencies (11 of 15).