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List of Tables
2-1 Within-PSU Sampling Domains
2-2 Comparison of CPS Allocated Sample, Number Selected, and Responding Sample Size, for First and Second Stage Strata
2-3 Key Respondent Weighted Response Rates for CPS Cases by Various Case and Location Characteristics
2-4 Weighted Response Rates, by Respondent Type
2-5 Key Respondent Final Case Dispositions
2-6 Distribution of Sample by Age, Race, and Ethnicity
2-7 Number of Significant Biases Observed by Type of Respondent for the CPS Sample
3-1 Age of Children Involved with the Child Welfare System: Mean, Median, Mode, and Range, by Setting
3-2a Age, Gender, Race/Ethnicity, and Setting of Children Entering the Child Welfare System (Weighted)
3-2b Age, Gender, Race/Ethnicity, and Setting of Children Involved with the Child Welfare System (Unweighted)
3-2c Population Estimates of Children Involved with the Child Welfare System by Age, Gender, Race/Ethnicity, and Setting
3-3 Most Serious Type of Abuse
3-4 Most Serious Type of Abuse of Children Involved with the Child Welfare System by Age, Gender, and Race/Ethnicity
3-5 Most Serious Type of Abuse of Children Involved with the Child Welfare System by Child Setting
3-6 Most Serious Subtype of Abuse of Children Involved with the Child Welfare System by Child Setting
3-7 “Main” Abuse Types of Children Involved with the Child Welfare System by Child Setting
3-8 Most Serious and Additional Types of Abuse of Children Involved with the Child Welfare System by Child Setting
3-9 Severity Levels of Maltreatment by Abuse Type
3-10 Percentage of Children Experiencing Various Severity Levels of Maltreatment by Setting
3-11 Mean Severity Level for Children Remaining at Home, by Age and Race/Ethnicity
3-12 Mean Severity Level for Children in Out-of-Home Care, by Age and Race/Ethnicity
3-13 Age at Onset of Maltreatment by Current Age
3-14 Mean Proportion of Child's Life Since Onset of Abuse
3-15 Substantiated Cases by Child Setting, Age, and Race/Ethnicity
3-16 Incidents of Violence Ever Experienced by Children Aged 5 and Over as Measured by the VEX-R
3-17 Recent Violence Exposure as Measured by the VEX-R for Children 5 and Older
3-18 Percentages of Lifetime Prevalence of Nonviolent Discipline for Children Aged 11 and Older as Measured by the CTS-PC, Child-report
3-19 Results of Logistic Regression for Lifetime Prevalence of Nonviolent Discipline for Children Ages 11 and Older as Measured by the CTS-PC, Child-report
3-20 Percentages of Lifetime Prevalence of Psychological Aggression for Children 11 and Older as Measured by the CTS-PC, Child-report
3-21 Results of Logistic Regression for Lifetime Prevalence of Psychological Aggression for Children Aged 11 and Older as Measured by the CTS-PC, Child-report
3-22 Percentages of Lifetime Prevalence of Minor Physical Assault (Corporal Punishment) for Children 11 and Older as Measured by the CTS-PC, Child-report
3-23 Results of Logistic Regression for Lifetime Prevalence of Minor Physical Assault (Corporal Punishment) for Children Aged 11 and Older as Measured by the CTS-PC, Child-report
3-24 Percentages of Lifetime Prevalence of Severe Physical Assault for Children Aged 11 and Older as Measured by the CTS-PC, Child-report
3-25 Results of Logistic Regression for Lifetime Prevalence of Severe Physical Assault for Children Aged 11 and Older as Measured by the CTS-PC, Child-report
3-26 Percentages of Lifetime Prevalence of Very Severe Physical Assault for Children Aged 11 and Older as Measured by the CTS-PC, Child-report
3-27 Results of Logistic Regression for Lifetime Prevalence of Very Severe Physical Assault for Children Aged 11 and Older as Measured by the CTS-PC, Child-report
3-28 Percentages of Lifetime Prevalence of Total Physical Assault for Children Aged 11 and Older as Measured by the CTS-PC, Child-report
3-29 Results of Logistic Regression for Lifetime Prevalence of Total Physical Assault for Children Aged 11 and Older as Measured by the CTS-PC, Child-report
3-30 Percentages of Lifetime Prevalence of Nonviolent Discipline as Measured by the CTS-PC, Caregiver-report
3-31 Results of Logistic Regression for Lifetime Prevalence of Nonviolent Discipline as Measured by the CTS-PC, Caregiver-report
3-32 Percentages of Lifetime Prevalence of Psychological Aggression as Measured by the CTS-PC, Caregiver-report
3-33 Results of Logistic Regression for Lifetime Prevalence of Psychological Aggression as Measured by the CTS-PC, Caregiver-report
3-34 Percentages of Lifetime Prevalence of Minor Physical Assault as Measured by the CTS-PC, Caregiver-report
3-35 Results of Logistic Regression for Lifetime Prevalence of Minor Physical Assault (Corporal Punishment) as Measured by the CTS-PC, Caregiver-report
3-36 Percentages of Current Caregiver Reports of Severe Physical Assault as Measured by the CTS-PC, Caregiver-report
3-37 Percentages of Lifetime Prevalence of Very Severe Physical Assault as Measured by the CTS-PC, Caregiver-report
3-38 Percentages of Lifetime Prevalence of Total Physical Assault as Measured by the CTS-PC, Caregiver-report
3-39 Results of Logistic Regression for Lifetime Prevalence of Total Physical Assault as Measured by the CTS-PC, Caregiver-report
3-40 Percentages of Lifetime Prevalence of Neglect as Measured by the CTS-PC, Caregiver-report
3-41 Results of Logistic Regression for Lifetime Prevalence of Neglect as Measured by the CTS-PC, Caregiver-report
3-42 Percentages of Lifetime Prevalence of Sexual Maltreatment as Measured by the CTS-PC, Caregiver-report
3-43 Results of Logistic Regression for Lifetime Prevalence of Sexual Maltreatment as Measured by the CTS-PC, Caregiver-report
4-1 Prior Reports of Maltreatment to the Agency
4-2 Prior Investigation of Abuse or Neglect (for Children/Families with Prior Reports)
4-3 Prior Incident of Substantiated Abuse or Neglect (for Children/Families with Prior Investigations)
4-4 Prior Child Welfare Services History (Not Including Investigations)
4-5 Logistic Regression Modeling Prior CWS History (Not Including Investigations)
4-6 Proportion of Caregivers with Risk Factors—Substance Abuse
4-7 Proportion of Caregivers with Risk Factors—Cognitive and Physical Health
4-8 Proportion of Caregivers with Risk Factors—Parenting
4-9 Proportion of Caregivers with Risk Factors—Family
4-10 Proportion of Caregivers with Risk Factors—Violence Against Caregiver
4-11 Proportion of Caregivers with Risk Factors—Secondary Caregiver
4-12 Proportion of Caregivers with Risk Factors—Child
4-13 Proportion of Caregivers with Risk Factors—Cooperation
4-14 Multinomial Logistic Regression: Likelihood of Receipt of Services in Own Home and Placement in Out-of-Home Care Compared with No Receipt of Services in Own Home
4-15 Critical Factors in Determining How to Proceed with Case^
4-16 Top Six Critical Factors in Determining How to Proceed with Case, by Child Setting
4-17 Top Three Critical Factors in Determining How to Proceed with Case for Each Value of Child Setting
4-18 Top Three Critical Factors in Determining How to Proceed with Case for Each Value of Child Age
4-19 Top Three Critical Factors in Determining How to Proceed with Case for Each Value of Child Race/Ethnicity
4-20 Likelihood that Child Would be Reported for Abuse or Neglect in the Next 24 Months Based on Provision of Various Levels of Service (Child Welfare Worker Report)
5-1 Height Percentile for Children Aged 3 and Younger
5-2 Weight Percentile for Children Aged 3 and Younger
5-3 Regression Modeling Weight Percentile for Children Aged 3 and Younger
5-4 Body Mass Index Percentile for Children Aged 2 to 3 Years
5-5 Regression Modeling BMI Percentile for Children Aged 2 to 3 Years
5-6 Head Circumference Percentile for Children Aged 3 and Younger
5-7 Regression Modeling Head Circumference Percentile for Children Aged 3 and Younger
5-8 Proportion of Children with Low, Moderate, and High Risk for Developmental Delay or Neurological Impairment as Measured by BINS
5-9 Logistic Regression Modeling High Risk of Developmental Delay or Neurological Impairment as Measured by BINS
5-10 Cognitive Development Scores as Measured by BDI
5-11 Overall Scores for BDI Subscales
5-12 Language Skills as Measured by PLS-3
5-13 Overall Scores for PLS-3 Subscales
5-14 Regression Modeling Language Skills as Measured by PLS-3
5-15 Mean Temperament Scores from Selected Scales^
5-16 Caregiver Report of Clinical/Borderline Total Problem Behaviors (2 to 3 years) as Measured by the CBCL
5-17 Verbal and Nonverbal Intelligence (Composite Score) as Measured by the K-BIT
5-18 Verbal Intelligence as Measured by the K-BIT
5-19 Nonverbal Intelligence as Measured by K-BIT
5-20 Reading Achievement Scores as Measured by MBA
5-21 Mathematics Achievement Scores as Measured by MBA
5-22 Regressions Modeling Reading and Mathematics Achievement as Measured by MBA
5-23 Proportion of Children with Low, Moderately Low, and Adequate to High Daily Living Skills as Measured by the VABS Screener
5-24 Logistic Regression Modeling Low Daily Living Skills as Measured by the VABS Screener
5-25 Proportion of Children with Fewer, Average, or More Social Skills as Measured by the SSRS
5-26 Logistic Regression Modeling Fewer Social Skills as Measured by the SSRS
5-27 Children with Clinical/Borderline Problem Behaviors as Measured by the CBCL, TRF, and YSR
5-28 Correlation Matrix and Mean T Scores: CBCL, TRF, and YSR (11 to 15 years)
5-29 Caregiver Report of Clinical/Borderline Total Problem Behaviors (Aged 4 to 15 Years) as Measured by the CBCL
5-30 Logistic Regression Modeling Borderline/Clinical Problem Behaviors (Aged 4 to 15 Years) as Measured by the CBCL
5-31 Youth Self-Report of Clinical/Borderline Total Problem Behaviors (Aged 11 to 15 Years)
5-32 Teacher Report of Clinical/Borderline Problem Behaviors (Aged 5 to 15 Years) as Measured by the TRF
5-33 Self-Report of Depression (Aged 7 to 15 Years) as Measured by CDI
5-34 Logistic Regression Modeling Depression (Aged 7 to 15 Years) as Measured by CDI
5-35 Caregiver Report of Clinical/Borderline Delinquent Behaviors for 6- to 15-Year-Olds as Measured by CBCL
5-36 Logistic Regression Modeling Delinquency of 6- to 15-Year-Olds as Measured by the CBCL Delinquency Subscale
5-37 Self-Report of Any Violent Act Committed During the Past 6 Months (11-to 15-Year-Olds)
5-38 Logistic Regression Modeling 11- to 15-Year-Olds Who Have Committed Any Violent Act in the Past 6 Months as Measured by SRD
5-39 Frequency and Proportion of Delinquent Behaviors in the 6 months Prior to Child Interview
5-40 Child Has Had Sexual Intercourse (11- to 15-Year-Olds)
5-41 Logistic Regression Modeling 11- to 15-Year-Olds Who Have Ever Had Sexual Intercourse
5-42 Sexual Behavior of 11- to 15-Year-Olds Who Have Ever Had Sexual Intercourse
5-43 Use of Any Illegal Substance^ in Lifetime (Aged 11 to 15 Years) 5-44 Logistic Regression Modeling 11- to 15-Year-Olds Who Have Ever Used an Illegal Substance
5-45 Substance Use History (Aged 11 to 15 Years)
5-46 Report of Substance Use During Past 30 Days: CWS and 2001 NHSDA Youths
5-47 Proportion of Children Involved with CWS at “Clinical” Levels on Standardized Measures as Compared with the General Population
5-48 Differences in Development, Functioning, and Behavior by Child Characteristics
6-1 Current Caregiver Demographics by Service Setting
6-2 Nonkinship Foster Care: A Comparison of the Child to Caregiver Race/Ethnicity^
6-3 Nonkinship Foster Care: A Comparison of the Caregiver to Child Race/Ethnicity^
6-4 Caregiver Age: Comparison to 2000 U.S. Census and 1999 NSAF Data^
6-5 Education Level of Primary Caregiver: Comparison of NSCAW Data and 1999 NSAF Data^
6-6 Logistic Regression Modeling In-home versus Out-of-Home Care
6-7 Length of Foster Caregiver Experience (In Years) by Age and Race
6-8 Total Household Income
6-9 Total Household Income Compared with 2000 Census Data
6-10 Proportion of Households by Poverty Level
6-11 Proportion of Households by Poverty Level, NSAF and NSCAW^
6-12 Total Number of Household Members (Including Study Child)
6-13 Number of Children in the Household (Including Study Child)
6-14 Number of Adults in the Household
6-15 Adults in the Household of Children Living at Home
6-16 Proportion of Children in Out-of-Home Care Living with One or More Sibling^
6-17 The HOME-SF Observational Items, Proportion of Questions Answered Yes, 0-2 Years Old
6-18 The HOME-SF Interviewer Items, Proportion of Questions Answered Yes, 0-2 Years Old
6-19 The HOME-SF Observational Items, Proportion of Questions Answered Yes, 3-5 Years Old
6-19. The HOME-SF Observational Items, Proportion of Questions Answered Yes, 3-5 Years Old (continued)
6-20 The HOME-SF Interviewer Items, Proportion of Questions Answered Yes, 3-5 Years Old
6-21 The HOME-SF Observational Items, Proportion of Questions Answered Yes, 6-10 Years Old
6-22 The HOME-SF Interviewer Items, Proportion of Questions Answered Yes, 6-10 Years Old
6-23 Total HOME-SF Scores from NSCAW and NLSY
6-24 Mean HOME-SF Scores by Child Age
6-25 Total HOME-SF and Component Scales by Age
6-26 Significant Differences In-Home-SF Scores between Child Age Groups
6-27 Regression Results for Explaining Total HOME-SF Score^
6-28 Regression Results for Explaining Cognitive Stimulation Score
6-29. Regression Results for Explaining Emotional Support Score
6-30 Regression Results for Explaining Physical Environment Score
6-31 HOME-SF Scores for Children Less Than 3 Years, by Caregiver Age
6-32 HOME-SF Scores for Children Aged 3 to 5 Years, by Caregiver Age
6-33 HOME-SF Scores for Children Aged 6 to 10 Years, by Caregiver Age
6-34 Caregiver Reports on Level of Problems and Strengths in Neighborhood Environment
6-35 Mean Mental Health Score of Caregivers on SF-12
6-36 Regression Modeling Mental Health of Caregivers
6-37 Mean Physical Health Score of Caregivers
6-38 Regression Modeling Physical Health of Caregivers
6-39 In-home Caregiver Report of Major Depression in the Past 12 Months
6-40 Logistic Regression Modeling Major Depression
6-41 In-Home Caregiver Report of Alcohol Use in the Past 12 Months
6-42 In-Home Caregiver Report of Alcohol Dependence in the Past 12 Months
6-43 Logistic Regression Modeling Alcohol Dependence
6-44 In-Home Caregiver Report of Drug Use in the Past 12 Months
6-45 In-Home Caregiver Report of Drug Use in the Past 12 Months
6-46 In-Home Caregiver Report of Drug Dependence in the Past 12 Months
6-47 In-Home Caregiver Report of Domestic Violence During Lifetime
6-48 In-Home Caregiver Report of Domestic Violence During Past 12 Months
6-49 In-Home Caregiver Report of Domestic Violence During Past 12 Months
6-50 In-Home Caregiver Report of Arrest History
6-51 Logistic Regression Modeling “Ever Arrested” Lifetime
6-52 In-Home Caregiver Report of Most Recent Arrest
6-53 Caregiver Social Support Satisfaction
6-54 Percentage in Lowest Quartile of Support, and Average Overall Support Scores Compared By Gender and Race/Ethnicity
6-55 Results of Regression Modeling Social Support Predicted by Caregiver Age, Race/Ethnicity, Services Receipt, and Gender
6-56 Comparison of Social Support of Caregivers Receiving Child Welfare Services by Age, Race/Ethnicity, and Gender
6-57 Comparison of Social Support of Caregivers Not Receiving Child Welfare Services by Age, Race/Ethnicity, and Gender
6-58 Regression Modeling Social Support Predicted by Caregiver Age, Race/Ethnicity, Services Receipt, and Gender for Caregivers Receiving Child Welfare Services
6-59 Regression Modeling Social Support Predicted by Caregiver Age, Race/Ethnicity, Services Receipt, and Gender for Caregivers Not Receiving Child Welfare Services
7-1 Relatedness to Caregiver
7-2 Closeness to Caregiver
7-3 Regression Modeling Closeness to Caregiver
7-4 Activities with Caregivers
7-5 Peer Relations, Children Aged 5 to 7 Years
7-6 Peer Relations, Children Aged 8 to 15 Years
7-7 School Engagement
7-8 Regression Models Predicting School Engagement by Age, Gender,
Race/Ethnicity, and Placement Type
7-9 Indicators of School Problems, by Age, Gender, Race/Ethnicity, and Setting
7-10 Odds Ratios and Confidence Intervals: Respondent Answering “Sometimes or Often”
7-11 Percentage of Yes Responses to Presence of Adult Supports
7-12 Religious Participation—Percentage Reporting Yes
7-13 Logistic Regression Models: Child Believes Religion Is Important 7-14 Children's Descriptions of Their Out-of-Home Care Experience
7-15 Summary of Logistic Regression Comparisons
7-16 Perceptions of Placement, by Service Setting
7-17 Future Expectations
8-1 In-home Caregiver Report of Ever Receiving TANF/AFDC Benefits
8-2 In-Home Caregiver Report of Current Receipt of TANF Benefits
8-3 Logistic Regression Modeling Ever Received TANF/AFDC
8-4 In-Home Caregiver Report of Outpatient Mental Health Services
8-5 Logistic Regression Modeling Current Use of Mental Health Outpatient Services
8-6 Logistic Regression Modeling Use of Mental Health Outpatient Services (Past 12 Months)
8-7 In-Home Caregiver Report of Inpatient Mental Health Service Use
8-8 In-Home Caregiver Report of Alcohol and Drug Treatment Services
8-9 Any Services Provided, Arranged, or Referred
8-10 Types of Caregiver Services Provided, Arranged, or Referred
8-11 Types of Services Provided, Arranged, or Referred by Service Setting
8-12 Caregivers' Verbal Contact with a Child Welfare Worker Since the Investigation
8-13 Logistic Regression Modeling Verbal Contact with a Child Welfare Worker, Open In-Home Cases
8-14 Caregivers' Last Verbal Contact with Child Welfare Worker by Demographics and Case Characteristics^
8-15 Regression Modeling In-Home Caregivers' Last Verbal Contact with Child Welfare Worker
8-16 Number of Different Child Welfare Workers Caregivers Spoke with Since the Child Welfare Investigation, by Age and Race/Ethnicity
8-17 Caregivers' Mean Satisfaction with their Child Welfare Worker(s)
8-18 Caregivers' Perceived Relationship Quality with Child Welfare Worker
8-19 Regression Modeling Caregivers' Perceived Relationship Quality with Child Welfare Workers^
8-20 Caregiver Satisfaction with Service Adequacy^
9-1 Health Status of Children Involved With the Child Welfare System, by Caregiver Report
9-2 Caregiver Report of Mental Health Outpatient Services Currently Being Received by Children Involved With the Child Welfare System
9-3 Logistic Regression Modeling Current Receipt of Any Specialty Mental Health Outpatient Service by Children Involved with the Child Welfare System
9-4 Logistic Regression Modeling Current Receipt of Any Specialty Mental Health Outpatient Service by Children Involved with the Child Welfare System, Aged 2 Years and Older
9-5 Caregiver Report of Lifetime Receipt of Inpatient Mental Health Services for Children Living in Their Home of Origin
9-6 Caregiver Report of Receipt of Inpatient Mental Health Services Since the CWS Investigation Date by Children in Out-of-Home Care
9-7 Logistic Regression Modeling Lifetime Receipt of Any Inpatient Mental Health Services by Children in their Home of Origin, Aged 2 Years and Older
9-8 Logistic Regression Modeling Lifetime Receipt of Psychiatric Hospital Services by Children in their Home of Origin, Aged 2 Years and Older
9-9 Logistic Regression Modeling Any Inpatient Mental Health Services Since the CWS Investigation Date by Children Living in Out-of-Home Care, Aged 2 Years and Older
9-10 Logistic Regression Modeling Any Psychiatric Hospital Services Since CWS Investigation Date by Children Living in Out-of-Home Care (Aged 2+)
9-11 Caregiver Report of Testing, Classification, and Receipt of Special Education Services, by Child's Placement Setting
9-12 Caregiver Report of Unmet Need for Special Education Services
9-13 Caregiver Report of Special Education Categories for Children Involved with the Child Welfare System, by Age, Race/Ethnicity, Gender, and Child Setting
9-13. Caregiver Report of Special Education Categories for Children Involved with the Child Welfare System, by Age, Race/Ethnicity, Gender, and Child Setting (continued)
9-14 Percent of Children Receiving Special Education Services, by Clinical Score
9-15 Logistic Regression Modeling Current Receipt of Special Education Services by Children By Clinical Score Aged 0-5 Years
9-16 Results of Logistic Regression Modeling Current Receipt of Special Education Services by Children by Clinical Score (Aged 6+)
9-17 Child Welfare Worker Characteristics, by Child Service Setting
9-18 Length of Experience as Child Welfare Worker by Education
9-19 Length of Experience as Child Welfare Worker by Race/Ethnicity
9-20 Regression Results for Explaining Length of Child Welfare Worker Experience, in Years
9-21 A Comparison of the Child Welfare Worker's Race/Ethnicity with the Child's Race/Ethnicity
9-22 Child Welfare Worker Education by Race/Ethnicity
9-23 Select Case Characteristics by PSU Characteristics
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