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D.4 VERIFYING FINDINGS BY PROGRAM APPROACH AND IMPLEMENTATION LEVEL
This appendix provides details beyond those discussed in the body of this report on the impact findings by program approach and implementation level. Our main conclusions about the extent to which impacts differed by program approach and by implementation level are supported by the impact findings presented here.
For our primary analysis of Early Head Start impacts by program approach, we analyzed three subgroups in which the program approach (center-based, home-based, and mixed approach) was defined according to how programs were delivering services at the time of the fall 1997 site visits (see Chapter I). To confirm these findings, we also created three subgroups defined on the basis of the configuration of services that programs provided to families between 1997 and 1999. Under this second definition, we combined the mixed-approach programs that offered a relatively small number of child care slots (fewer than 25) with the home-based programs to form a group of "mostly home-based" programs. The 15-month parent services follow-up interview data confirm that only a small percentage of families in these mixed-approach programs reported receiving Early Head Start center-based services.
To examine results by level of implementation, it was important to hold program approach constant. We did this by comparing impacts for (1) the 3 early-implemented and 3 not-early-implemented mixed-approach programs using the 1997 definition, and (2) the 3 early-, 4 late-, and 3 incompletely implemented programs that were mostly home-based.6 This approach is preferable to comparing estimated impacts for all implementers to those of all nonimplementers because it holds program approach constant. This is important, because the proportion of implemented programs differed substantially by program approach. For example, using the 1997 definition, only 1 of the 7 home-based programs was an early implementer, as compared to 2 of the 4 center-based programs and 3 of the 6 mixed-approach programs. Thus, comparing all implementers to all nonimplementers confounds impact differences by implementation level with differences by program approach. Because of sample size constraints, we limited our analysis to the mixed-approach programs using the 1997 definition and the mostly home-based programs using the later definition.
For all analyses, we also examined the proportion of sites within a subgroup that had beneficial impacts, to assess whether the impact results were due to a small number of sites with large impacts, or to most sites within the subgroup. We believe that subgroup results are more credible if impacts are spread uniformly across programs within the subgroup.7
To keep the presentation manageable, we focused on selected key child,
parenting, and family outcomes spanning a range of types of outcomes:
(1) Bayley MDI and the percentage with scores below 85 at 24 months
of age; (3) MacArthur vocabulary production and sentence complexity
at 24 months; (4) CBCL aggressiveness scale at 24 months; (5) engagement,
negativity, attention span, parental supportiveness, and parental
detachment measures from the parent-child structured play assessments
at 24 months; (6) KIDI at 24 months; (7) FES family conflict scale
at 24 months; (8) the HOME language/literacy support scale at 24 months;
(9) parenting stress index at 24 months; and (10) the percentage and
hours per week the caregiver spent in education or training during
the 15 months after random assignment. The analysis results are presented
in Tables D.4A to D.4H.
Our conclusions are as follows:
-
Center-based programs had beneficial effects on cognitive development outcomes, but had no effects on language development or parenting outcomes (Tables D.4A to D.4D). The estimated impacts on the Bayley measures are statistically significant at the 10 percent level and translate into effect sizes of about 20 percent. Estimated impacts on Bayley MDI scores are positive in all 4 center-based sites. However, none of the estimated impacts on the language and parenting measures is statistically significant, and many have the "wrong" sign. Furthermore, the MacArthur language and the parenting impacts are similar in the 2 center-based programs with a large percentage of Hispanic families and the 2 non-Hispanic center-based programs. Thus, these results (and the language ones in particular) are not due to the inclusion of programs that largely serve Hispanic families.8
-
Home-based programs had beneficial effects on language development and parenting outcomes, but had no effects on cognitive development (Tables D.4A to D.4D). Impacts on the MacArthur vocabulary production measure are statistically significant for the 7 home-based programs using the 1997 definition and for the 10 home-based programs using the service configuration definition. In both cases, the impact in effect size units is about 15 percent, and about 60 percent of the sites within each group had positive impacts. The impact on the MacArthur sentence complexity measure is statistically significant at the 5 percent level for the 10 programs (7 of which had positive impacts) and is positive, although not statistically significant for the 7 programs using the 1997 definition. The impacts on Bayley scores are small using both definitions, which suggests that home-based programs had at most a small effect on cognitive development in the short term.
-
Mixed-approach programs had beneficial effects on language and parenting outcomes and small effects on cognitive development (Tables D.4A to D.4D). Nearly all the estimated impacts on language and parenting outcomes (12 of 14) were statistically significant at the 10 percent level for the 6 mixed-approach programs using the 1997 definition. Importantly, the magnitude of the impacts using the 3 mixed-approach programs defined using the configuration-of-services definition were very similar to those for the 6 mixed-approach programs using the initial 1997 definition. Because of smaller sample sizes, fewer of the impacts for the 3 mixed-approach programs were statistically significant. Thus, the relabeling of the three 1997 mixed-approach programs to largely home-based service configurations did not change the results materially for the mixed-approach programs.
- There is evidence that implementation matters (Tables
D.4E to D.4H). The comparison of impacts of the 3 early-implemented
1997 mixed-approach programs and the other 3 mixed-approach programs
strongly suggests that early implementation matters. Except for
the self-sufficiency measures, the child and parent outcomes are
typically larger for the early implementers, more are statistically
significant, and a larger percentage of early-implemented programs
had beneficial impacts. Furthermore, there is some evidence that
the early-implemented mixed-approach programs improved Bayley scores.
Home-based programs improved parenting outcomes using either definition
of home-based programs. Six of the 11 parenting outcomes were statistically
significant using the 1997 definition, and 9 of the 11 were statistically
significant using the service configuration definition. (The difference
in these findings is due to the fact that the 3 mixed-approach programs
that were defined as home-based under the configuration-of-services
definition had large beneficial impacts.) Beneficial impacts were
typically found in 70 to 80 percent of the programs.
It is very important to note that beneficial program impacts were
found in the home-based programs even though many of these programs
were not fully implemented. Of the 7 programs using the 1997 definition,
only 1 was fully implemented early, 3 were implemented later, and
3 were incompletely implemented. The early/late/incomplete split
for the 10 programs using the configuration-of-services definition
was 3/4/3.
The Bayley impacts were positive overall, but only about one-half of the 6 original 1997 mixed-approach programs had positive values, so there is no clear evidence that mixed-approach programs improved child cognitive development at 24 months.
The evidence is more mixed when comparing impact findings for the
3 early-, 4 later- and 3 incompletely implemented home-based programs
using the service configuration definition. In general, the impacts
for the early (in particular) and the late implementers are larger
than for the incomplete-implementers. However, this pattern does
not hold for impacts on the MacArthur vocabulary production, the
Family Conflict (FES) measure, the HOME measure, and the self-sufficiency
measures. Furthermore, the proportions of early-implemented programs
with beneficial impacts across the outcome measures are not systematically
greater than those of later-implemented programs. This suggests
that the beneficial results for the early-implemented programs were
driven by a small number of sites.
| Variable | Center-Based (4 Sites) |
Home-Based (7 Sites) |
Mixed (6 Sites) |
|---|---|---|---|
| Bayley Mental Development Index (MDI) at 24 Months of Age | 2.94* |
1.09 |
1.51 |
| Percent with Bayley MDI Below 85 at 24 Months | -11.81* |
-0.99 |
-7.01 |
| Vocabulary Production at 24 Months | -1.38 |
2.98* |
4.36** |
| Sentence Complexity Score at 24 Months | -0.45 |
0.67 |
2.31*** |
| Aggressive Behavior Problems At 24 Months (CBCL) | -1.84 |
-0.30 |
-1.97** |
| Engagement of Parent at 24 Months (Three Bag) | -0.09 |
0.02 |
0.27** |
| Negativity Towards Parent at 24 Months (Three Bag) | -0.01 |
-0.02 |
-0.17 |
| Sustained Attention with Objects at 24 Months (Three Bag) | -0.13 |
0.04 |
0.17* |
| Parental Supportiveness at 24 Months (Three Bag) | -0.05 |
0.14* |
0.23** |
| Parental Detachment at 24 Months (Three Bag) | 0.08 |
-0.14* |
-0.16** |
| Knowledge of Infant Development Inventory (KIDI) at 24 Months | -0.02 |
0.07** |
0.07** |
| Family Environment Scale: Family Conflict at 24 Months | -0.06 |
-0.07 |
-0.04 |
| Support of Cognitive, Language, and Literary Environment (HOME) at 24 Months | -0.15 |
0.19* |
0.40*** |
| Parenting Stress Index at 24 Months | 0.51 |
-1.07 |
-2.12*** |
| Percentage of Children with Poor or Fair Health at 24 Months | -0.24* |
0.02 |
0.01 |
| Percentage of Caregivers Ever in an Education or Training Program During the 15 Months After Random Assignment | 0.92 |
5.90** |
5.43 |
| Average Hours Per Week Caregivers Were in Education or Training During the 15 Months After Random Assignment | 1.16 |
1.27*** |
1.08* |
| Sample Size | 612 |
1,385 |
1,004 |
SOURCE: PSI and PI data and Bayley and video assessments.
NOTE: A negative sign for impacts for the CBCL, video negativity, parental detachment, family conflict, and the parenting stress index should be interpreted as positive (beneficial) program effects. A positive sign for the impact for other outcomes should be interpreted as positive (beneficial) effects.
*Significantly different than zero at the .10
level, two-tailed test.
**Significantly different than zero at the .05 level, two-tailed test.
***Significantly different than zero at the .01 level, two-tailed
test.
| Variable | Center-Based (4 Sites) |
Home-Based (7 Sites) |
Mixed (6 Sites) |
|---|---|---|---|
| Bayley Mental Development Index (MDI) at 24 Months of Age | 100.00 |
85.71 |
50.00 |
| Percent with Bayley MDI Below 85 at 24 Months | 0.00 |
71.43 |
33.33 |
| Vocabulary Production at 24 Months | 50.00 |
57.14 |
50.00 |
| Sentence Complexity Score at 24 Months | 50.00 |
57.14 |
100.00 |
| Aggressive Behavior Problems At 24 Months (CBCL) | 0.00 |
57.14 |
16.67 |
| Engagement of Parent at 24 Months (Three Bag) | 75.00 |
42.86 |
83.33 |
| Negativity Towards Parent at 24 Months (Three Bag) | 50.00 |
42.86 |
16.67 |
| Sustained Attention with Objects at 24 Months (Three Bag) | 50.00 |
71.43 |
83.33 |
| Parental Supportiveness at 24 Months (Three Bag) | 50.00 |
100.00 |
83.33 |
| Parental Detachment at 24 Months (Three Bag) | 75.00 |
0.00 |
16.67 |
| Knowledge of Infant Development Inventory (KIDI) at 24 Months | 75.00 |
85.71 |
66.67 |
| Family Environment Scale:Family Conflict at 24 Months | 50.00 |
28.57 |
33.33 |
| Support of Cognitive, Language, and Literary Environment (HOME) at 24 Months | 50.00 |
85.71 |
83.33 |
| Parenting Stress Index at 24Months | 50.00 |
28.57 |
50.00 |
| Percentage of Children with Poor or Fair Health at 24 Months | 25.00 |
42.86 |
33.33 |
| Percentage of Caregivers Ever in an Education or Training Program During the 15 Months After Random Assignment | 25.00 |
85.71 |
83.33 |
| Average Hours Per Week Caregivers Were in Education or Training During the 15 Months After Random Assignment | 50.00 |
85.71 |
100.00 |
| Sample Size | 612 |
1,385 |
1,004 |
SOURCE: PSI and PI data and Bayley and video assessments.
NOTE: Small proportions represent beneficial findings for the CBCL, video negativity, parental detachment, family conflict, and the parenting stress index. Large proportions represent beneficial findings for the other outcomes.
*Significantly different than zero at the .10
level, two-tailed test
**Significantly different than zero at the .05 level, two-tailed test
***Significantly different than zero at the .01 level, two-tailed
test
| Variable | Center-Based (4 Sites) |
Home-Based (10 Sites) |
Mixed (3 Sites) |
|---|---|---|---|
| Bayley Mental Development Index (MDI) at 24 Months of Age | 2.94* |
1.33 |
2.22 |
| Percent with Bayley MDI Below 85 at 24 Months | 11.81* |
-3.59 |
-6.79 |
| Vocabulary Production at 24 Months | -1.38 |
3.36** |
4.32 |
| Sentence Complexity Score at 24 Months | -0.45 |
1.22** |
2.22** |
| Aggressive Behavior Problems At 24 Months (CBCL) | -1.84 |
-1.24* |
-1.50 |
| Engagement of Parent at 24 Months (Three Bag) | -0.09 |
0.10 |
0.21 |
| Negativity Towards Parent at 24 Months (Three Bag) | -0.01 |
-0.06 |
-0.15 |
| Sustained Attention with Objects at 24 Months (Three Bag) | -0.13 |
0.11* |
0.10 |
| Parental Supportiveness at 24 Months (Three Bag) | -0.05 |
0.21*** |
0.16 |
| Parental Detachment at 24 Months (Three Bag) | 0.08 |
-0.16*** |
-0.16 |
| Knowledge of Infant Development Inventory (KIDI) at 24 Months | -0.02 |
0.07*** |
0.08 |
| Family Environment Scale: Family Conflict at 24 Months | -0.06 |
-0.10*** |
0.08 |
| Support of Cognitive, Language, and Literary Environment (HOME) at 24 Months | -0.15 |
0.18** |
0.78*** |
| Parenting Stress Index at 24 Months | 0.51 |
-2.12*** |
0.55 |
| Percentage of Children with Poor or Fair Health at 24 Months | -0.24* |
0.06 |
-0.07 |
| Percentage of Caregivers Ever in an Education or Training Program During the 15 Months After Random Assignment | 0.92 |
5.46** |
6.79 |
| Average Hours Per Week Caregivers Were in Education or Training During the 15 Months After Random Assignment | 1.16 |
1.23*** |
0.90 |
| Sample Size | 612 |
1,875 |
514 |
SOURCE: PSI and PI data and Bayley and video assessments.
NOTE: A negative sign for impacts for the CBCL, video negativity, parental detachment, family conflict, and the parenting stress index should be interpreted as positive (beneficial) program effects. A positive sign for the impact for other outcomes should be interpreted as positive (beneficial) effects.
*Significantly different than zero at the .10
level, two-tailed test
**Significantly different than zero at the .05 level, two-tailed test
***Significantly different than zero at the .01 level, two-tailed
test
| Variable | Center-Based (4 Sites) |
Home-Based( 10 Sites) |
Mixed (3 Sites) |
|---|---|---|---|
| Bayley Mental Development Index (MDI) at 24 Months of Age | 100.00 |
80.00 |
33.33 |
| Percent with Bayley MDI Below 85 at 24 Months | 0.00 |
50.00 |
66.67 |
| Vocabulary Production at 24Months | 50.00 |
60.00 |
33.33 |
| Sentence Complexity Score at 24 Months | 50.00 |
70.00 |
100.00 |
| Aggressive Behavior Problems At 24 Months (CBCL) | 0.00 |
40.00 |
33.33 |
| Engagement of Parent at 24 Months (Three Bag) | 75.00 |
60.00 |
66.67 |
| Negativity Towards Parent at 24 Months (Three Bag) | 50.00 |
30.00 |
33.33 |
| Sustained Attention with Objects at 24 Months (Three Bag) | 50.00 |
80.00 |
66.67 |
| Parental Supportiveness at 24Months (Three Bag) | 50.00 |
100.00 |
66.67 |
| Parental Detachment at 24 Months (Three Bag) | 75.00 |
0.00 |
33.33 |
| Knowledge of Infant Development Inventory (KIDI) at 24 Months | 75.00 |
80.00 |
66.67 |
| Family Environment Scale: Family Conflict at 24 Months | 50.00 |
20.00 |
66.67 |
| Support of Cognitive, Language,and Literary Environment (HOME) at 24 Months | 50.00 |
90.00 |
66.67 |
| Parenting Stress Index at 24 Months | 50.00 |
20.00 |
100.00 |
| Percentage of Children with Poor or Fair Health at 24 Months | 25.00 |
50.00 |
0.00 |
| Percentage of Caregivers Ever in an Education or Training Program During the 15 Months After Random Assignment | 25.00 |
80.00 |
100.00 |
| Average Hours Per Week Caregivers Were in Education or Training During the 15 Months After Random Assignment | 50.00 |
90.00 |
100.00 |
| Sample Size | 612 |
1,875 |
514 |
SOURCE: PSI and PI data and Bayley and video assessments.
NOTE: Small proportions represent beneficial findings for the CBCL, video negativity, parental detachment, family conflict, and the parenting stress index. Large proportions represent beneficial findings for the other outcomes.
*Significantly different than zero at the .10
level, two-tailed test
**Significantly different than zero at the .05 level, two-tailed test
***Significantly different than zero at the .01 level, two-tailed
test
| Variable | Early-Implemented
Mixed Programs (3 Sites) |
Not
Early-Implemented Mixed Programs (3 Sites) |
|---|---|---|
| Bayley Mental Development Index (MDI) at 24 Months of Age | 2.35 | 0.27 |
| Percent with Bayley MDI Below 85 at 24 Months | -8.73 | -5.57 |
| Vocabulary Production at 24 Months | 6.30** | -1.07 |
| Sentence Complexity Score at 24 Months | 2.24* | 1.45 |
| Aggressive Behavior ProblemsAt 24 Months (CBCL) | -2.59 | -1.21 |
| Engagement of Parent at 24 Months (Three Bag) | 0.20 | 0.15 |
| Negativity Towards Parent at 24 Months (Three Bag) | -0.16 | -0.09 |
| Sustained Attention with Objects at 24 Months (Three Bag) | 0.26 | -0.06 |
| Parental Supportiveness at 24 Months (Three Bag) | 0.30* | 0.11 |
| Parental Detachment at 24 Months (Three Bag) | -0.21 | -0.21 |
| Knowledge of InfantDevelopment Inventory (KIDI) at 24 Months | 0.05 | 0.07 |
| Family Environment Scale:Family Conflict at 24 Months | 0.01 | -0.01 |
| Support of Cognitive, Language, and Literary Environment (HOME) at 24 Months | 0.63*** | 0.26 |
| Parenting Stress Index at 24 Months | -1.64 | -0.79 |
| Percentage of Children with Poor or Fair Health at 24 Months | -0.27* | 0.09 |
| Percentage of Caregivers Ever in an Education or Training Program During the 15 Months After Random Assignment | 4.54 | 5.55 |
| Average Hours Per Week Caregivers Were in Education or Training During the 15 Months After Random Assignment | 0.53 | 1.88* |
| Sample Size | 540 | 464 |
SOURCE: PSI and PI data and Bayley and video assessments.
NOTE: A negative sign for impacts for the CBCL, video negativity, parental detachment, family conflict, and the parenting stress index should be interpreted as positive (beneficial) program effects. A positive sign for the impact for other outcomes should be interpreted as positive (beneficial) effects.
*Significantly different than zero at the .10
level, two-tailed test
**Significantly different than zero at the .05 level, two-tailed test
***Significantly different than zero at the .01 level, two-tailed
test
| Variable | Early-Implemented
Mixed Programs (3 Sites) |
Not
Early-ImplementedPrograms (3 Sites) |
|---|---|---|
| Bayley Mental Development Index (MDI) at 24 Months of Age | 66.67 | 33.33 |
| Percent with Bayley MDI Below 85 at 24 Months | 0.00 | 66.67 |
| Vocabulary Production at 24Months | 100.00 | 0.00 |
| Sentence Complexity Score at 24 Months | 100.00 | 100.00 |
| Aggressive Behavior ProblemsAt 24 Months (CBCL) | 0.00 | 33.33 |
| Engagement of Parent at 24Months (Three Bag) | 100.00 | 66.67 |
| Negativity Towards Parent at 24Months (Three Bag) | 33.33 | 0.00 |
| Sustained Attention with Objects at 24 Months (Three Bag) | 100.00 | 66.67 |
| Parental Supportiveness at 24Months (Three Bag) | 100.00 | 66.67 |
| Parental Detachment at 24Months (Three Bag) | 0.00 | 33.33 |
| Knowledge of InfantDevelopment Inventory (KIDI) at 24 Months | 66.67 | 66.67 |
| Family Environment Scale:Family Conflict at 24 Months | 0.00 | 66.67 |
| Support of Cognitive, Language,and Literary Environment(HOME) at 24 Months | 100.00 | 66.67 |
| Parenting Stress Index at 24Months | 33.33 | 66.67 |
| Percentage of Children with Poor or Fair Health at 24 Months | 33.33 | 33.33 |
| Percentage of Caregivers Ever in an Education or Training Program During the 15 Months After Random Assignment | 66.67 | 100.00 |
| Average Hours Per WeekCaregivers Were in Education or Training During the 15 Months After Random Assignment | 100.00 | 100.00 |
SOURCE: PSI and PI data and Bayley and video assessments.
NOTE: Small proportions represent beneficial findings for the CBCL, video negativity, parental detachment, family conflict, and the parenting stress index. Large proportions represent beneficial findings for the other outcomes.
*Significantly different than zero at the .10
level, two-tailed test
**Significantly different than zero at the .05 level, two-tailed test
***Significantly different than zero at the .01 level, two-tailed
test
| Variable | Early-Implemented
Home-Based Programs (3 Sites) |
Late-Implemented
Home-Based Programs (4 Sites) |
Never-Implemented
Home-Based Programs (3 Sites) |
|---|---|---|---|
| Bayley Mental Development Index (MDI) at 24 Months of Age | 1.26 |
1.52 |
0.62 |
| Percent with Bayley MDI Below 85 at 24 Months | -4.86 |
-1.71 |
0.06 |
| Vocabulary Production at 24 Months | 4.68** |
2.12 |
4.23* |
| Sentence Complexity Score at 24 Months | 2.27** |
0.80 |
0.80 |
| Aggressive Behavior Problems At 24 Months (CBCL) | -2.91*** |
0.08 |
-1.07 |
| Engagement of Parent at 24 Months (Three Bag) | 0.24* |
0.17 |
-0.10 |
| Negativity Towards Parent at 24 Months (Three Bag) | -0.21** |
-0.04 |
0.11 |
| Sustained Attention with Objects at 24 Months (Three Bag) | 0.30*** |
0.05 |
0.01 |
| Parental Supportiveness at 24 Months (Three Bag) | 0.33*** |
0.18* |
0.12 |
| Parental Detachment at 24Months (Three Bag) | -0.12* |
-0.21** |
-0.11 |
| Knowledge of InfantDevelopment Inventory (KIDI) at 24 Months | 0.01 |
0.15*** |
0.03 |
| Family Environment Scale:Family Conflict at 24 Months | -0.11* |
-0.05 |
-0.15** |
| Support of Cognitive, Language, and Literary Environment (HOME) at 24 Months | 0.07 |
0.27* |
0.32** |
| Parenting Stress Index at 24 Months | -2.75*** |
-2.49*** |
-0.67 |
| Percentage of Children with Poor or Fair Health at 24 Months | 0.05 |
0.07 |
0.04 |
| Percentage of Caregivers Ever in an Education or Training Program During the 15 Months After Random Assignment | 7.12 |
3.86 |
9.84** |
| Average Hours Per Week Caregivers Were in Education or Training During the 15 Months After Random Assignment | -0.02 |
1.79*** |
2.33** |
| Sample Size | 530 |
727 |
18 |
SOURCE: PSI and PI data and Bayley and video assessments.
NOTE: A negative sign for impacts for the CBCL, video negativity, parental detachment, family conflict, and the parenting stress index should be interpreted as positive (beneficial) program effects. A positive sign for the impact for other outcomes should be interpreted as positive (beneficial) effects.
*Significantly different than zero at the .10
level, two-tailed test
**Significantly different than zero at the .05 level, two-tailed test
***Significantly different than zero at the .01 level, two-tailed
test
| Variable | Early-ImplementedHome-Based
Programs (3 Sites) |
Late-Implemented
Home-Based Programs (4 Sites) |
Never-Implemented
Home-Based Programs (3 Sites) |
|---|---|---|---|
| Bayley Mental Development Index (MDI) at 24 Months of Age | 66.67 |
75.00 |
100.00 |
| Percent with Bayley MDI Below 85 at 24 Months | 33.33 |
50.00 |
66.67 |
| Vocabulary Production at 24 Months | 66.67 |
50.00 |
66.67 |
| Sentence Complexity Score at 24 Months | 66.67 |
75.00 |
66.67 |
| Aggressive Behavior ProblemsAt 24 Months (CBCL) | 33.33 |
50.00 |
33.33 |
| Engagement of Parent at 24 Months (Three Bag) | 66.67 |
75.00 |
33.33 |
| Negativity Towards Parent at 24 Months (Three Bag) | 0.00 |
25.00 |
66.67 |
| Sustained Attention with Objects at 24 Months (Three Bag) | 100.00 |
75.00 |
66.67 |
| Parental Supportiveness at 24 Months (Three Bag) | 100.00 |
100.00 |
100.00 |
| Parental Detachment at 24 Months (Three Bag) | 0.00 |
0.00 |
0.00 |
| Knowledge of Infant Development Inventory (KIDI) at 24 Months | 66.67 |
100.00 |
66.67 |
| Family Environment Scale: Family Conflict at 24 Months | 0.00 |
50.00 |
0.00 |
| Support of Cognitive, Language,and Literary Environment(HOME) at 24 Months | 66.67 |
100.00 |
100.00 |
| Parenting Stress Index at 24 Months | 33.33 |
25.00 |
0.00 |
| Percentage of Children with Poor or Fair Health at 24 Months | 33.33 |
75.00 |
33.33 |
| Percentage of Caregivers Ever in an Education or Training Program During the 15 Months After Random Assignment | 66.67 |
75.00 |
100.00 |
| Average Hours Per Week Caregivers Were in Education or Training During the 15 Months After Random Assignment | 66.67 |
100.00 |
100.00 |
| Sample Size | 530 |
727 |
618 |
SOURCE: PSI and PI data and Bayley and video assessments.
NOTE: Small proportions represent beneficial findings for the CBCL, video negativity, parental detachment, family conflict, and the parenting stress index. Large proportions represent beneficial findings for the other outcomes.
*Significantly different than zero at the .10
level, two-tailed test
**Significantly different than zero at the .05 level, two-tailed test
***Significantly different than zero at the .01 level, two-tailed
test
6There
is some overlap in these two analyses, because 3 of the 1997 mixed
programs (2 of which were early implementers) were recategorized as
mostly home-based programs based on the later definition.(back)
7Impacts with a positive sign are beneficial
impacts for outcomes for which larger values are preferable to smaller
values (for example, Bayley or MacArthur scores). However, impacts
with a negative sign are beneficial impacts for outcomes for which
smaller values are preferable to larger values (for example, the CBCL
aggressiveness scale or the percentage with Bayley scores less than
85).(back)
8This conclusion does not consider possible
measurement bias that might result if parents in center-based programs
are less able than those in home-based programs to accurately report
their children's language abilities.(back)
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