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APPENDIX E.IV
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Welfare Mothers of Children Under 1 Required to Work |
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Welfare Mothers of Children Under 1 Not Required to Work | ||||||
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| Outcome | Program Group | Control Groupa | Impact Estimate Per Participantb | Effect Sizec | Program Group | Control Groupa | Impact Estimate Per Participantb | Effect Sizec | |
| CHILD COGNITIVE DEVELOPMENT | |||||||||
| Average Bayley Mental Development Index (MDI) | 92.0 | 89.4 | 2.6*** | 19.4 | 88.8 | 87.4 | 1.4 | 10.0 | |
| Percentage with MDI < 85*d | 29.8 | 36.1 | -6.2* | -12.8 | 36.4 | 42.6 | -6.2* | -12.6 | |
| Percentage with MDI < 100*** | 68.8 | 77.0 | -8.2** | -20.0 | 78.8 | 80.9 | -2.1 | -5.1 | |
| CHILD LANGUAGE DEVELOPMENT | |||||||||
| Average MacArthur CDI-Vocabulary Production | 56.6 | 55.4 | 1.2 | 5.4 | 56.0 | 53.1 | 3.0* | 13.3 | |
| Percentage with Vocabulary Production < 25*** | 10.5 | 12.2 | -1.7 | -5.3 | 8.8 | 8.9 | -0.2 | -0.5 | |
| Average MacArthur CDI-Combining Words*** | 82.9 | 83.1 | -0.2 | -0.6 | 79.8 | 73.7 | 6.0** | 14.4 | |
| Average MacArthur CDI-Sentence Complexity | 9.3 | 8.7 | 0.6 | 7.6 | 8.2 | 7.1 | 1.1* | 13.9 | |
| Percentage with Sentence Complexity < 2*** | 27.4 | 24.8 | 2.6 | 5.8 | 26.5 | 32.2 | -5.7* | -12.6 | |
| CHILD SOCIAL-EMOTIONAL DEVELOPMENT | |||||||||
| Bayley BRS-Emotional Regulation | 3.7 | 3.7 | 0.0 | 2.9 | 3.6 | 3.6 | -0.1 | -7.1 | |
| Bayley BRS-Orientation/Engagement | 3.7 | 3.7 | 0.0 | 3.3 | 3.6 | 3.6 | 0.0 | -2.3 | |
| Child Behavior Checklist-Aggression | 9.7 | 10.0 | -0.3 | -5.4 | 10.0 | 10.7 | -0.7* | -12.1 | |
| Parent-Child Structured Play: Child Sustained Attention with Objects | 5.1 | 5.0 | 0.1 | 8.2 | 5.0 | 4.9 | 0.0 | 4.7 | |
| Parent-Child Structured Play: Child Negativity Toward Parent | 1.6 | 1.7 | -0.1 | -10.0 | 1.8 | 1.9 | -0.1 | -6.9 | |
| Parent-Child Structured Play: Child Engagement | 4.5 | 4.4 | 0.2** | 14.6 | 4.2 | 4.2 | 0.0 | 2.4 | |
| Sample Size | |||||||||
| Parent Interview | 589 | 555 | 1,144 | 503 | 466 | 969 | |||
| Bayley | 501 | 447 | 948 | 409 | 382 | 791 | |||
| Parent-Child Interactions | 468 | 425 | 893 | 445 | 394 | 839 | |||
SOURCE: Parent interviews, child assessments, interviewer observations,
and assessments of semi-structured parent-child interactions conducted
when children were approximately 24 months old.
NOTE: All estimates were calculated using regression
models, where each site was weighted equally. Only sites with at least
10 program group members and 10 control group members in the subgroup
are included in the estimates for each subgroup.
aThe control group mean is the mean for the
control group members who would have participated in Early Head Start
if they had instead been assigned to the program group. This unobserved
mean is estimated as the difference between the program group mean
for participants and the impact per participant. A participant is
defined as a program group member who received more than one Early
Head Start home visit, met with an Early Head Start case manager more
than once, received at least two weeks of Early Head Start center-based
services, and/or participated in Early Head Start parent-child group
activities.(back)
bThe estimated impact per participant is measured as the estimated impact per eligible applicant divided by the proportion of program group members who participated in Early Head Start services (which varied by site). The estimated impact per eligible applicant is measured as the difference between the regression-adjusted means for program and control group members.(back)
cThe effect size is calculated by dividing the estimated impact per participant by the standard deviation of the outcome measure for the control group times 100 (that is, it is the impact per participant expressed as a percentage of a standard deviation).(back)
dAsterisks next to variable names indicate significance levels for statistical tests of differences in impacts across the subgroups.(back)
*Significantly different from zero at the .10
level, two-tailed test.
**Significantly different from zero at the .05 level, two-tailed test.
***Significantly different from zero at the .01 level, two-tailed
test.
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