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APPENDIX E.V
| Center-Based Programs | Home-Based Programs | Mixed-Approach Programs | ||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Outcome | Program Group | Control Groupa | Impact Estimate Per Participantb | Effect Sizec | Program Group | Control Groupa | Impact Estimate Per Participantb | Effect Sizec | Program Group | Control Groupa | Impact Estimate Per Participantb | Effect Sizec | ||
| QUALITY OF THE HOME ENVIRONMENT AND PARENTING: EMOTIONAL SUPPORT | ||||||||||||||
| Home Observation for Measurement of the Environment (HOME) Emotional Responsivity | 5.9 | 6.0 | -0.1 | -4.4 | 6.5 | 6.4 | 0.1* | 9.7 | 6.0 | 5.9 | 0.2 | 11.3 | ||
| Parent-Child Structured Play: Parent Supportiveness | 4.0 | 4.1 | -0.1 | -4.7 | 4.0 | 3.9 | 0.1* | 13.5 | 4.1 | 3.9 | 0.2** | 22.9 | ||
| QUALITY OF THE HOME ENVIRONMENT AND PARENTING: STIMULATION OF LANGUAGE AND LEARNING | ||||||||||||||
| HOME Total Score | 26.1 | 26.4 | -0.3 | -8.5 | 26.9 | 26.4 | 0.5** | 12.8 | 26.3 | 25.6 | 0.7** | 18.5 | ||
| HOME Support of Cognitive, Language, and Literacy Environment*d | 10.2 | 10.4 | -0.2 | -8.2 | 10.3 | 10.1 | 0.2* | 10.4 | 10.4 | 10.0 | 0.4*** | 22.3 | ||
| Percentage of Parents who set a Regular Bedtime for Child*** | 71.3 | 59.7 | 11.6* | 23.4 | 58.7 | 54.0 | 4.6 | 9.3 | 59.7 | 55.0 | 4.7 | 9.5 | ||
| Percentage of Parents and Children Who have Regular Bedtime Routines*** | 72.6 | 68.0 | 4.7 | 10.0 | 69.2 | 65.1 | 4.2 | 8.9 | 66.4 | 65.6 | 0.8 | 1.6 | ||
| Percentage of Parents Who Read to Child Daily*** | 59.4 | 50.9 | 8.5 | 16.9 | 55.5 | 54.4 | 1.1 | 2.2 | 60.6 | 48.1 | 12.5*** | 25.1 | ||
| Percentage of Parents Who Read to Child as Part of Bedtime Routine*** | 34.5 | 21.5 | 13.0** | 30.8 | 26.0 | 19.5 | 6.5** | 15.5 | 30.0 | 25.4 | 4.6 | 10.9 | ||
| Reading Frequency** | 4.7 | 4.5 | 0.2 | 13.4 | 4.6 | 4.6 | 0.0 | -1.2 | 4.7 | 4.3 | 0.4*** | 28.7 | ||
| Parent-Child Activities to Stimulate Cognitive and Language Development | 4.6 | 4.4 | 0.1 | 13.4 | 4.5 | 4.5 | 0.0 | 4.5 | 4.6 | 4.4 | 0.2*** | 23.3 | ||
| HOME Maternal Verbal/Social Skills | 2.8 | 2.8 | -0.1 | -8.1 | 2.9 | 2.9 | 0.0 | 4.9 | 2.6 | 2.6 | 0.1 | 14.0 | ||
| QUALITY OF THE HOME ENVIRONMENT AND PARENTING: NEGATIVE PARENTING BEHAVIOR | ||||||||||||||
| Parent-Child Structured Play: Parent Detachment | 1.5 | 1.4 | 0.1 | 8.3 | 1.4 | 1.5 | -0.1* | -15.1 | 1.4 | 1.5 | -0.2** | -17.5 | ||
| Parent-Child Structured Play: Parent Intrusiveness | 2.1 | 1.9 | 0.2 | 16.9 | 1.8 | 1.9 | -0.1 | -6.9 | 1.9 | 2.0 | -0.2 | -16.2 | ||
| Parent-Child Structured Play: Negative Regard | 1.6 | 1.5 | 0.1 | 17.3 | 1.4 | 1.5 | 0.0 | -4.5 | 1.4 | 1.4 | 0.0 | 5.5 | ||
| HOME Absence of Punitive Interactions | 4.4 | 4.4 | 0.0 | -1.6 | 4.3 | 4.3 | 0.0 | -0.5 | 4.4 | 4.5 | -0.1 | -4.8 | ||
| Spanked Child in Last Week*** | 51.0 | 53.9 | -2.9 | -5.7 | 49.0 | 52.4 | -3.4 | -6.9 | 43.6 | 51.9 | -8.2* | -16.5 | ||
| Sample Size | ||||||||||||||
| Parent Interview | 240 | 203 | 443 | 500 | 466 | 966 | 352 | 352 | 704 | |||||
| Parent-Child Interactions | 223 | 172 | 395 | 421 | 373 | 794 | 269 | 274 | 543 | |||||
SOURCE: Parent interviews and assessments of parent-child interactions
during semi-structured tasks conducted when children were approximately
24 months old.
NOTE: All estimates were calculated using regression models, where each site was weighted equally. Only sites with at least 10 program group members and 10 control group members in the subgroup are included in the estimates for each subgroup.
aThe control group mean is the mean for the control group members who would have participated in Early Head Start if they had instead been assigned to the program group. This unobserved mean is estimated as the difference between the program group mean for participants and the impact per participant. A participant is defined as a program group member who received more than one Early Head Start home visit, met with an Early Head Start case manager more than once, received at least two weeks of Early Head Start center-based services, and/or participated in Early Head Start parent-child group activities.(back)
bThe estimated impact per participant is measured as the estimated impact per eligible applicant divided by the proportion of program group members who participated in Early Head Start services (which varied by site). The estimated impact per eligible applicant is measured as the difference between the regression-adjusted means for program and control group members.(back)
cThe effect size is calculated by dividing the estimated impact per participant by the standard deviation of the outcome measure for the control group times 100 (that is, it is the impact per participant expressed as a percentage of a standard deviation).(back)
dAsterisks next to variable names indicate significance levels for statistical tests of differences in impacts across the subgroups.(back)
*Significantly different from zero at the .10
level, two-tailed test.
**Significantly different from zero at the .05 level, two-tailed test.
***Significantly different from zero at the .01 level, two-tailed
test.
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