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APPENDIX E.V
| Center-Based Programs |
Home-Based Programs |
Mixed-Approach Programs |
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|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Outcome | Program Group | Control Groupa | Impact Estimate Per Participantb | Effect Sizec | Program Group | Control Groupa | Impact Estimate Per Participantb | Effect Sizec | Program Group | Control Groupa | Impact Estimate Per Participantb | Effect Sizec | ||
| KNOWLEDGE OF CHILD DEVELOPMENT | ||||||||||||||
| Knowledge of Infant Development Inventory (KIDI) | 3.4 | 3.4 | 0.0 | -4.8 | 3.4 | 3.3 | 0.1** | 16.5 | 3.4 | 3.4 | 0.1** | 16.0 | ||
| DISCIPLINE STRATEGIES | ||||||||||||||
| Percentage of Parents Who Suggested Responses to Hypothetical Conflicts with Child: | ||||||||||||||
| Prevent or Distract***d | 73.1 | 57.4 | 15.8** | 33.5 | 69.6 | 66.6 | 3.0 | 6.5 | 76.8 | 72.1 | 4.6 | 9.8 | ||
| Remove Child or Object*** | 78.4 | 82.7 | -4.4 | -11.4 | 78.6 | 80.4 | -1.8 | -4.8 | 83.4 | 82.7 | 0.7 | 1.8 | ||
| Talk and Explain*** | 28.0 | 31.2 | -3.1 | -6.7 | 34.1 | 28.1 | 6.0* | 12.8 | 47.5 | 32.2 | 15.3*** | 32.7 | ||
| Threaten or Command*** | 33.2 | 48.8 | -15.5** | -33.1 | 28.8 | 28.2 | 0.5 | 1.1 | 32.9 | 30.0 | 2.9 | 6.1 | ||
| Shout*** | 3.4 | 6.4 | -3.0 | -14.5 | 6.0 | 3.6 | 2.4 | 11.4 | 5.9 | 3.7 | 2.2 | 10.3 | ||
| Physical Punishment*** | 39.6 | 31.0 | 8.7 | 18.9 | 23.0 | 26.1 | -3.1 | -6.7 | 25.3 | 31.9 | -6.6* | -14.5 | ||
| Percentage of Parents Suggesting Only Mild Responses to the Hypothetical Conflicts*** | 37.0 | 28.4 | 8.7 | 17.7 | 48.0 | 45.1 | 2.9 | 5.9 | 42.0 | 40.1 | 1.9 | 3.9 | ||
| Index of Discipline Severity | 3.0 | 3.0 | 0.0 | 0.9 | 2.5 | 2.6 | -0.1 | -5.9 | 2.6 | 2.8 | -0.2 | -8.9 | ||
| SAFETY PRACTICES | ||||||||||||||
| Has Syrup of Ipecac at Home*** | 19.9 | 22.6 | -2.7 | -5.9 | 30.2 | 30.6 | -0.3 | -0.7 | 35.4 | 33.0 | 2.4 | 5.3 | ||
| Has Poison Control Number*** | 32.8 | 35.6 | -2.8 | -5.9 | 36.5 | 36.4 | 0.1 | 0.3 | 42.4 | 36.8 | 5.6 | 11.7 | ||
| Has Gates or Doors in Front of Stairs*** | 86.8 | 89.6 | -2.8 | -7.1 | 72.7 | 75.5 | -2.8 | -7.1 | 82.6 | 80.6 | 2.1 | 5.2 | ||
| Uses Guards or Gates for Windows*** | 78.9 | 85.9 | -6.9 | -14.5 | 52.6 | 55.4 | -2.7 | -5.7 | 62.7 | 63.2 | -0.5 | -1.1 | ||
| Covers Electric Outlets*** | 49.1 | 72.1 | -23.0*** | -46.9 | 61.0 | 57.2 | 3.8 | 7.6 | 65.8 | 60.5 | 5.3 | 10.8 | ||
| Home has Working Smoke Alarm*** | 90.1 | 83.8 | 6.4 | 17.6 | 83.2 | 83.3 | -0.1 | -0.3 | 89.8 | 86.4 | 3.4 | 9.4 | ||
| Uses a Car Seat*** | 75.5 | 81.8 | -6.3 | -16.5 | 81.1 | 80.7 | 0.4 | 1.0 | 84.0 | 84.7 | -0.7 | -1.7 | ||
| Observed Child Play Area is Safe*** | 51.8 | 58.3 | -6.6 | -14.0 | 74.6 | 74.2 | 0.4 | 0.9 | 73.3 | 71.4 | 1.9 | 4.1 | ||
| Sample Size | 240 | 203 | 443 | 500 | 466 | 966 | 352 | 352 | 704 | |||||
SOURCE: Parent interviews and assessments of parent-child interactions
conducted when children were approximately 24 months old.
NOTE: All estimates were calculated using regression models, where each site was weighted equally. Only sites with at least 10 program group members and 10 control group members in the subgroup are included in the estimates for each subgroup.
aThe control group mean is the mean for the control group members who would have participated in Early Head Start if they had instead been assigned to the program group. This unobserved mean is estimated as the difference between the program group mean for participants and the impact per participant. A participant is defined as a program group member who received more than one Early Head Start home visit, met with an Early Head Start case manager more than once, received at least two weeks of Early Head Start center-based services, and/or participated in Early Head Start parent-child group activities.(back)
bThe estimated impact per participant is measured as the estimated impact per eligible applicant divided by the proportion of program group members who participated in Early Head Start services (which varied by site). The estimated impact per eligible applicant is measured as the difference between the regression-adjusted means for program and control group members.(back)
cThe effect size is calculated by dividing the estimated impact per participant by the standard deviation of the outcome measure for the control group times 100 (that is, it is the impact per participant expressed as a percentage of a standard deviation).(back)
dAsterisks next to variable names indicate significance levels for statistical tests of differences in impacts across the subgroups.(back)
*Significantly different from zero at the .10
level, two-tailed test.
**Significantly different from zero at the .05 level, two-tailed test.
***Significantly different from zero at the .01 level, two-tailed
test.
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