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APPENDIX E.VI
| Welfare Mothers of Children Under 1 Required to Work | Welfare Mothers of Children Under 1 Not Required to Work | ||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Outcome | Program Group | Control Groupa | Impact
Estimate Per Participantb |
Effect Sizec | Program Group | Control Groupa | Impact
Estimate Per Participantb |
Effect Sizec | |
| EDUCATION/JOB TRAINING | |||||||||
| Ever in Education/Training***d | 50.8 | 46.0 | 4.7 | 9.6 | 46.9 | 41.5 | 5.3* | 10.8 | |
| Ever in High School*** | 9.8 | 5.3 | 4.5*** | 15.3 | 14.3 | 11.6 | 2.7 | 9.2 | |
| Ever in ESL Class*** | 1.9 | 0.5 | 1.4* | 12.4 | 3.2 | 1.8 | 1.5 | 12.9 | |
| Ever in Vocational Program*** | 12.6 | 10.2 | 2.3 | 8.1 | 11.9 | 8.5 | 3.4* | 11.9 | |
| Average Hours/Week in Education/Training | 5.1 | 3.4 | 1.7*** | 22.2 | 5.4 | 4.7 | 0.7 | 8.7 | |
| In Education/Training: | |||||||||
| 1st Quarter*** | 29.0 | 25.5 | 3.5 | 8.1 | 23.3 | 24.7 | -1.4 | -3.3 | |
| 2nd Quarter*** | 32.7 | 28.9 | 3.7 | 8.5 | 28.1 | 26.0 | 2.1 | 4.8 | |
| 3rd Quarter*** | 32.4 | 26.7 | 5.7* | 12.9 | 32.4 | 26.3 | 6.1** | 13.9 | |
| 4th Quarter*** | 34.1 | 23.9 | 10.2*** | 23.7 | 30.3 | 26.8 | 3.4 | 7.9 | |
| 5th Quarter*** | 33.7 | 23.0 | 10.8*** | 25.1 | 31.5 | 26.5 | 5.0 | 11.6 | |
| Have High School Diploma*** | 53.9 | 57.4 | -3.6 | -7.1 | 43.1 | 39.0 | 4.0 | 8.1 | |
| Have GED*** | 12.2 | 11.4 | 0.8 | 2.7 | 7.5 | 7.8 | -0.3 | -1.0 | |
| EMPLOYMENT | |||||||||
| Ever Employed*** | 81.4 | 83.9 | -2.5 | -5.5 | 65.7 | 64.2 | 1.6 | 3.5 | |
| Average Hours/Week Employed | 18.4 | 19.4 | -1.0 | -6.3 | 11.9 | 12.8 | -0.9 | -5.8 | |
| Employed in: | |||||||||
| 1st Quarter | 54.3 | 55.4 | -1.1 | -2.3 | 31.4 | 32.5 | -1.1 | -2.2 | |
| 2nd Quarter*** | 58.2 | 62.1 | -4.0 | -7.9 | 38.9 | 38.5 | 0.5 | 0.9 | |
| 3rd Quarter*** | 62.2 | 66.1 | -3.9 | -7.8 | 45.4 | 44.1 | 1.3 | 2.6 | |
| 4th Quarter*** | 66.4 | 69.0 | -2.6 | -5.3 | 50.3 | 47.7 | 2.6 | 5.1 | |
| 5th Quarter*** | 70.8 | 72.8 | -2.1 | -4.2 | 56.3 | 54.1 | 2.2 | 4.5 | |
| ANY SELF-SUFFICIENCY-ORIENTED ACTIVITY (EDUCATION/TRAINING OR EMPLOYMENT) | |||||||||
| Ever Employed or in Education/Training*** | 91.5 | 91.6 | -0.1 | -0.3 | 80.6 | 77.1 | 3.5 | 9.1 | |
| Percentage of Weeks in Any Activity | 66.7 | 66.1 | 0.6 | 1.6 | 51.1 | 48.7 | 2.4 | 6.1 | |
| Average Hours/Week in Employment or Education/Training | 23.9 | 23.1 | 0.8 | 4.6 | 17.5 | 17.6 | -0.1 | -0.8 | |
| In Activities in: | |||||||||
| 1st Quarter*** | 69.0 | 69.5 | -0.5 | -1.0 | 50.9 | 49.5 | 1.4 | 2.8 | |
| 2nd Quarter*** | 74.2 | 76.0 | -1.7 | -3.6 | 60.2 | 54.3 | 5.9** | 12.2 | |
| 3rd Quarter*** | 76.8 | 78.4 | -1.6 | -3.5 | 65.4 | 59.3 | 6.1** | 12.8 | |
| 4th Quarter*** | 79.4 | 78.0 | 1.4 | 3.0 | 66.5 | 60.8 | 5.7* | 12.1 | |
| 5th Quarter*** | 80.9 | 82.1 | -1.2 | -2.6 | 70.5 | 65.3 | 5.2 | 11.4 | |
| AFDC/TANF RECEIPT | |||||||||
| Ever Received AFDC/TANF*** | 36.7 | 31.2 | 5.5** | 11.1 | 50.7 | 50.9 | -0.2 | -0.4 | |
| Received AFDC/TANF in: | |||||||||
| 1st Quarter*** | 26.5 | 22.8 | 3.7 | 7.8 | 39.9 | 37.0 | 2.9 | 6.2 | |
| 2nd Quarter*** | 26.1 | 22.9 | 3.2 | 6.8 | 41.1 | 40.3 | 0.7 | 1.5 | |
| 3rd Quarter*** | 26.6 | 23.6 | 3.0 | 6.2 | 44.8 | 42.7 | 2.1 | 4.4 | |
| 4th Quarter*** | 22.1 | 19.7 | 2.4 | 5.2 | 38.1 | 38.3 | -0.2 | -0.4 | |
| 5th Quarter*** | 23.1 | 18.4 | 4.7* | 10.2 | 36.3 | 38.1 | -1.8 | -4.0 | |
| Total AFDC/TANF Benefits ($) | 915.5 | 866.4 | 49.1 | 2.1 | 1,990.5 | 1,860.5 | 130.0 | 5.5 | |
| RECEIPT OF OTHER WELFARE BENEFITS | |||||||||
| Ever Received Welfare*** | 63.3 | 58.6 | 4.7 | 9.9 | 66.6 | 68.7 | -2.0 | -4.3 | |
| Total Welfare Benefits ($) | 3,131.3 | 2,611.9 | 519.4** | 11.9 | 4,027.0 | 3,974.0 | 53.1 | 1.2 | |
| Ever Received Food Stamps*** | 53.6 | 52.1 | 1.4 | 2.9 | 59.2 | 60.4 | -1.3 | -2.6 | |
| Total Food Stamp Benefits ($) | 1,141.5 | 1,082.3 | 59.2 | 3.7 | 1,423.7 | 1,420.8 | 2.9 | 0.2 | |
| INCOME/POVERTY | |||||||||
| Income Above Poverty Level*** | 40.2 | 42.2 | -2.0 | -4.1 | 29.6 | 32.7 | -3.1 | -6.4 | |
| Sample Size | 642 | 622 | 1,264 | 497 | 475 | 972 | |||
SOURCE: Parent Services Follow-Up Interviews completed an average
of 7 and 16 months after random assignment.
NOTE: All estimates were calculated using regression models, where each site was weighted equally. Only sites with at least 10 program group members and 10 control group members in the subgroup are included in the estimates for each subgroup.
aThe control group mean is the mean for the control group members who would have participated in Early Head Start if they had instead been assigned to the program group. This unobserved mean is estimated as the difference between the program group mean for participants and the impact per participant. A participant is defined as a program group member who received more than one Early Head Start home visit, met with an Early Head Start case manager more than once, received at least two weeks of Early Head Start center-based services, and/or participated in Early Head Start parent-child group activities.(back)
bThe estimated impact per participant is measured as the estimated impact per eligible applicant divided by the proportion of program group members who participated in Early Head Start services (which varied by site). The estimated impact per eligible applicant is measured as the difference between the regression-adjusted means for program and control group members.(back)
cThe effect size is calculated by dividing the estimated impact per participant by the standard deviation of the outcome measure for the control group times 100 (that is, it is the impact per participant expressed as a percentage of a standard deviation).(back)
dAsterisks next to variable names indicate significance levels for statistical tests of differences in impacts across the subgroups.(back)
*Significantly different from zero at the .10
level, two-tailed test.
**Significantly different from zero at the .05 level, two-tailed test.
***Significantly different from zero at the .01 level, two-tailed
test.
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