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N. VARIATIONS IN CHILDREN’S HEALTH AND HEALTH CARE AMONG EARLY HEAD START FAMILIES
Information about variations in health status and health care receipt among Early Head Start children and families may be useful for identifying particular children and families at greater risk for health problems or inadequate health care and for targeting efforts to ensure that families receive the health care they need. Below, we highlight variations in the health and health care received by children in the Early Head Start research programs.
Hispanic Children and Families. As in the low-income population nationally, Hispanic families in the Early Head Start research programs were less likely than other families to report health insurance coverage, use of health care, and good health status. Some with no health insurance coverage may have been non-citizens ineligible for insurance under Medicaid or the State Children’s Health Insurance Program (SCHIP). Thus, the health and health care needs of Hispanic families and children pose greater challenges for Early Head Start programs charged with linking them to health services and helping them work toward health goals.
According to parents, Hispanic children were much more likely to be uninsured than other children (27 percent, compared with 10 percent of white children and 8 percent of African American children approximately 28 months after enrollment) (Table 13). The percentage of Hispanic Early Head Start children who lacked health insurance is similar to that reported for Hispanic children nationally (26 percent; Hoffman and Pohl 2002).
THE IMPACTS OF EARLY HEAD START ON HEALTH AND HEALTH CARE AMONG FAMILY SUBGROUPS The impact evaluation described in the box on page 6 also examined the impacts of Early Head Start on the health and health care of key family subgroups. As was the case overall, Early Head Start had relatively few significant impacts on health service use and outcomes among subgroups of families. However, the evaluation findings suggest that the programs may have increased some aspects of health service use in different ways in particular subgroups: African American, White, and Hispanic Families. The numbers of significant impacts on health and health care detected for white and Hispanic families were less than would be expected by chance. Among African American families, Early Head Start appears to have helped families obtain health services, especially immunizations and hearing screenings, sooner (in the first follow-up period). It also appears to have increased identification of disabilities and receipt of early intervention services by African American children. Families of Teenage and Older Mothers. The Early Head Start programs appear to have helped teenage mothers obtain health insurance coverage, specifically Medicaid coverage, sooner than they otherwise would have (in the first follow-up period). The programs also increased the extent to which teenage mothers visited doctors with their children. When their children were 3 years old, teenage mothers were less likely to report that their child was in fair or poor health overall. Among older mothers, Early Head Start appears to have reduced emergency room use for injuries later in the follow-up period and reduced hospitalizations for accidents or injuries during their child’s third year. Early Head Start also increased identification of disabilities and receipt of early intervention services by children of older mothers. Families Receiving Welfare Cash Assistance. The number of significant impacts on health and health care detected for families not receiving welfare cash assistance when they enrolled were less than would be expected by chance. Among families who were receiving welfare cash assistance, however, Early Head Start appears to have increased the use of preventive health care services (checkups, immunizations, and screening tests (especially hearing tests)) early in the follow-up period and reduced emergency room use late in the follow-up period. Families of Mothers Without a High School Diploma or GED. The Early Head Start programs appear to have helped mothers with less than a high school education obtain health insurance coverage, specifically Medicaid coverage, sooner than they otherwise would have (in the first follow-up period). In these families, Early Head Start also appears to have reduced emergency room use later in the follow-up period and reduced hospitalizations for accidents or injuries during their child’s third year. In families of mothers with more education, fewer impacts were significant and no clear patterns were apparent. Families With Fewer Demographic Risks. The numbers of significant impacts on health and health care detected for families with moderate or high numbers of demographic risk factors were less than would be expected by chance. Among lower-risk families, Early Head Start reduced emergency room use as well as hospitalizations for accidents or injuries during children’s third year. Early Head Start also appears to have increased identification of disabilities and receipt of early intervention services among children in these families. |
Consistent with their lower rates of health insurance coverage, Hispanic children were somewhat less likely than other children to have a regular health care provider. According to parents approximately 28 months after enrollment, 88 percent of Hispanic children had a regular health care provider, compared with 96 percent of white and African American children. These differences are consistent with those among all U.S. children under age 6; 88 percent of Hispanic children and about 94 percent of white and African American children under 6 had a regular health care provider in 1999–2000 (DHHS 2002b).
Hispanic children were more likely than other children to receive regular health care at a clinic (47 compared with 28 and 35 percent of African American and white children, respectively) and less likely to receive regular health care in a private doctor’s office (24 compared with 41 and 48 percent of African American and white children, respectively). Hispanic children were less likely to visit an emergency room during the 28-month follow-up period, and they were less likely to visit an emergency room for accidents or injuries between the 16- and 28-month follow-up interviews (4 compared with 7 and 17 percent of African American and white children, respectively).
Hispanic parents were more likely than other parents to implement some safety practices and less likely to implement others. The average number of safety precautions reported by Hispanic parents was similar to the average number reported by other minority parents (4.9) and less than the average number reported by white parents (5.4). Hispanic parents were more likely than other parents to practice stair safety (98 percent compared to range of 90 to 95 percent among other races) and more likely to use window guards (90 percent compared to range of 76 to 84 percent among other parents). Hispanic parents were also more likely than white and African American parents to use car seats on a regular basis (92 compared with 86 and 84 percent). Hispanic families were less likely to use smoke detectors and implement poison control practices (have ipecac to treat poisoning and know the poison control number). These particular practices are important for responding to accidents, but do not necessarily prevent injuries.
Consistent with their lower rates of health insurance coverage and lower likelihood of having a regular health care provider, Hispanic children were less likely than other infants and toddlers in Early Head Start to receive some preventive health care. Virtually all Hispanic children had received immunizations by 28 months after enrollment (99.6 percent). Hispanic children, however, were significantly less likely than other children to have had screening tests (59 compared with 77 and 63 percent of African American and white children).
On average, Hispanic mothers’ ratings of their children’s overall health status were lower than those of other mothers’ ratings at all three ages, although the absolute difference became smaller by the time children reached age 3. At 14 months of age, Hispanic infants were more likely than African American and white infants to be reported in fair or poor health (27 compared with 16 and 17 percent). By age 3, 12 percent of Hispanic children were reported to be in fair or poor health compared with 7 percent of white and African American toddlers.
Hispanic children were more likely than other children to have a diagnosed condition or low test scores indicating a potential disability. According to parents’ reports of diagnosed cognitive delays and low Bayley scores, Hispanic children were more likely than white and African American children to have potential cognitive delays (23 compared with 16 and 14 percent of African American and white children), although they were less likely than white children to exhibit other indicators of disabilities.18 Overall, Hispanic children were less likely to have received early intervention services (2 compared with 8 percent).
Consistent with their children’s poorer health status and greater lack of health insurance coverage, Hispanic parents and non-English-speaking parents were significantly more likely to report at some time during the follow-up period that their medical and dental care seldom or never met their needs (not shown). Among families with children with special needs (such as a physical or emotional disability), Hispanic families were more likely than other families to report at some time during the follow-up period that they seldom or never received the help they needed for a child with a special need (86 percent compared with 58 percent of white families and 82 percent of African American families).
As with reports of their children’s health status, Hispanic parents were also more likely than other parents to rate their own health lower. Fifty-six percent of Hispanic parents rated their own health as fair or poor, compared to 35 percent of white and African American parents. However, Hispanic parents were less likely to report that health problems limited their participation in any level of activity (30 percent compared with 39 to 44 percent among other parents) by 28 months after enrollment.
White Children and Families. Parents in white families who enrolled in the Early Head Start research programs reported higher levels of some specific health problems among their children than other parents. For example, parents of white children were more likely than African American and Hispanic children to have diagnosed or suspected hearing problems (3 compared with 1 and 0 percent), and they were more likely to report that their children had recurrent ear infections (58 compared with 45 and 49 percent) (Table 13). Consistent with the higher parent reports of recurrent ear infections, white children were more likely than African American children or Hispanic children to be exposed to household smoking (66 compared with 58 and 42 percent). White parents were also more likely to report that their child had trouble using his or her legs or feet, and 4 percent ever reported that their child had a diagnosed mobility problem (compared with 1 percent of African American and 0 percent of Hispanic parents). Twelve percent of white children, compared with 9 percent of Hispanic children and 6 percent of African American children, had a behavior problem (either their parent reported that a physician told them their child had a behavior problem or the child scored above 18 on the Child Behavior Checklist). White parents were more likely than African American and Hispanic parents to report that their child received early intervention services (8 compared with 4 and 2 percent).
| Race/Ethnicity | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| African American |
Hispanic | White | Other | |
| Percentage of Children With Health Insurance Approximately 28 Months After Enrollment |
||||
|
69.9 | 53.2 | 59.8 | 61.3 |
|
29.5 | 22.1 | 42.1 | 36.4 |
|
92.4 | 72.6 | 90.3 | 89.2 |
| Percentage of Children With a Regular Health Care Provider | ||||
|
98.0 | 93.8 | 99.1 | 100.0 |
|
97.2 | 92.5 | 95.5 | 93.8 |
|
96.3 | 88.3 | 96.4 | 90.3 |
| Percentage of Children Whose Usual Places for Health Care 28 Months After Enrollment Included: |
||||
|
41.4 | 23.6 | 48.3 | 31.7 |
|
28.3 | 46.9 | 35.4 | 47.7 |
|
16.6 | 14.7 | 15.5 | 2.1 |
|
18.0 | 13.0 | 6.3 | 8.4 |
|
3.5 | 6.6 | 4.8 | 5.1 |
|
1.8 | 2.2 | 1.4 | 5.1 |
|
0.3 | 0.4 | 0.8 | 0.0 |
| Percentage of Children Who by 28 Months After Enrollment Had Received Any: |
||||
|
93.8 | 95.1 | 97.1 | 88.6 |
|
74.8 | 81.6 | 89.8 | 79.5 |
|
53.7 | 45.1 | 62.0 | 53.8 |
|
7.0 | 4.1 | 16.8 | 21.2 |
| Average Number of Safety Practices Reported*** | 4.9 | 4.9 | 5.4 | 4.9 |
| Percentage of Children Who: | ||||
|
76.8 | 82.8 | 85.2 | 89.2 |
|
15.4 | 16.3 | 19.1 | 16.2 |
|
9.8 | 5.5 | 8.6 | 2.7 |
| Percentage of Children Reported in Fair or Poor Health at Age: |
||||
|
15.8 | 26.5 | 17.2 | 22.7 |
|
11.5 | 19.7 | 9.7 | 7.7 |
|
7.1 | 11.7 | 6.9 | 12.5 |
| Percentage of Children with Diagnosed Conditions During 28-Month Follow-Up Period |
||||
|
45.2 | 49.0 | 58.2 | 42.1 |
|
35.9 | 18.8 | 28.8 | 15.4 |
|
15.8 | 23.0 | 13.8 | 26.7 |
|
4.1 | 4.7 | 6.8 | 0.0 |
|
1.3 | 0.0 | 4.1 | 0.0 |
| During 28-Month Follow-Up Period, Percentage of Children Who Had: |
||||
|
0.5 | 0.0 | 3.2 | 0.0 |
|
1.0 | 1.0 | 2.5 | 3.0 |
|
13.0 | 17.1 | 21.0 | 16.6 |
|
27.2 | 41.8 | 42.3 | 37.8 |
|
0.5 | 1.1 | 1.3 | 0.0 |
|
0.2 | 2.0 | 3.0 | 0.0 |
|
7.6 | 6.5 | 8.8 | 3.0 |
| By 28 Months After Enrollment, Percentage of Children Who: |
||||
|
5.4 | 5.0 | 11.5 | 0.0 |
|
3.6 | 2.1 | 8.1 | 0.0 |
| Sample Sizec | 309-373 | 204-259 | 333-431 | 36-45 |
| Source: Parent interviews conducted when children were approximately 14, 24, and 36 months of age and parent services follow-up interviews conducted an average of 7, 16, and 28 months after enrollment. | ||||
| aPrimary caregivers were asked to rate the overall health of their child as poor (1), fair (2), good (3), very good (4), or excellent (5). | ||||
| bDoctor told parent that child had a developmental delay or child received a score below 70 on the Bayley MDI conducted at 14, 24, or 36 months of age. | ||||
| cRange reflects minimum and maximum sample sizes for items in table. | ||||
| * Differences among groups are statistically significant atthe .10 level. | ||||
| ** Differences among groups are statistically significantat the .05 level. | ||||
| ***Differences among groups are statistically significant atthe .01 level. | ||||
The higher incidence of specific health problems and potential disabilities among white Early Head Start children may reflect problems that began prenatally. White mothers were more likely than African American, Hispanic, and other mothers to report prenatal complications. Among the mothers who were pregnant at the time of enrollment, 38 percent of the white mothers, 18 percent of African American mothers, and 31 percent of the Hispanic mothers reported some prenatal complications. Among the mothers of infants born prior to enrollment, 69 percent of the white mothers, 54 percent of the African American mothers, and 52 percent of the Hispanic mothers reported prenatal complications.19
White families were more likely than Hispanic and African American families to report having private health insurance coverage. Their children were somewhat more likely than children in other families to receive regular health care from a private doctor’s office and less likely to receive it from a hospital clinic. Parents of white children were more likely than African American and Hispanic parents to report that their children visited a doctor for treatment of a health problem (90 compared with 75 and 82 percent) and visited an emergency room (62 compared with 54 and 45 percent) by 28 months after enrollment.
African American Children and Families. In general, the African American families and children who enrolled in the Early Head Start research programs reported health and health care use intermediate to that reported by white and Hispanic families. Consistent with national statistics, however, African American children were more likely than other children to have diagnosed asthma or respiratory problems (Table 13) (DHHS 2002b). By age 3, one-third of the African American children (36 percent) were reported to have been diagnosed with asthma or respiratory problems. In comparison, 29 percent of white children, 19 percent of Hispanic children, and 15 percent of children from other backgrounds were reported to have asthma or other respiratory disorders.
Fewer African American than white, Hispanic, and other mothers began prenatal care in their first trimester (76 compared with 85, 83, and 89 percent, respectively). After birth, African American children received health care similar to that of other children, except that they were somewhat more likely than white and Hispanic children to receive regular health care from a hospital clinic (18 compared with 6 and 13 percent) and less likely to receive it from a clinic in the community (28 compared with 35 and 47 percent). African American children also were more likely than other children to have had screening tests, including those for hearing and lead.
African American parents whose children had special needs were most likely to report that they seldom or never received the help they needed for a child with a special need. Similarly, African American families were significantly more likely than other families to report that they seldom or never had the money they needed to buy special equipment their children needed.
Teenage Mothers and Their Children. In the Early Head Start research programs, families with younger mothers—those who were teenagers (under 20) when their child was born—were significantly less likely to report that they implemented important safety practices, and they made greater use of hospital emergency rooms for their children. Fewer teenage than older mothers began prenatal care in their first trimester (75 compared with 86 percent). Teenage parents also reported fewer health problems in their children than older mothers. While the children of younger mothers (the vast majority of whom were firstborn children) may have been healthier and may have had fewer health problems, these findings also suggest that teenage parents may have been less aware of the need for preventive health care and safety practices and may have been less aware of their children’s health problems.
Teenage mothers were less likely than mothers over 20 years of age to report that their children were in fair or poor health. When their children were 14 months old, 16 percent of teenage mothers, compared to 21 percent of older mothers, described their child’s overall health as fair or poor. This difference remained at age 3, when 6 percent of teenage mothers, compared with 10 percent of older mothers, reported their children to be in fair or poor health (Table 14).
| Teenage Mothers (Under 20) |
Older Mothers (20 or Older) |
|
|---|---|---|
| Percentage of Children
With Health Insurance Approximately 28 Months After Enrollment |
||
|
65.2 | 59.7 |
|
25.6 | 36.5 |
|
84.4 | 87.8 |
| Percentage of Children With a Regular Source of Health Care | ||
|
98.6 | 97.0 |
|
94.4 | 95.8 |
|
93.8 | 94.5 |
| Percentage of Children
Whose Usual Places for Health Care 28 Months After Enrollment Included: |
||
|
41.5 | 37.8 |
|
34.4 | 37.1 |
|
15.1 | 15.2 |
|
11.5 | 12.1 |
|
3.3 | 5.8 |
|
3.2 | 1.0 |
|
0.0 | 0.8 |
| Percentage of Children
Who by 28 Months After Enrollment Had Received Any: |
||
|
93.7 | 96.2 |
|
80.4 | 83.4 |
|
58.8 | 52.2 |
|
11.0 | 10.6 |
| Average Number of Safety Practices Reported*** | 4.8 | 5.2 |
| Percentage of Children Who: | ||
|
74.6 | 85.7 |
|
17.4 | 16.3 |
|
8.1 | 8.7 |
| Percentage of Children Reported in Fair or Poor Health | ||
|
16.3 | 20.7 |
|
9.7 | 13.9 |
|
6.0 | 9.8 |
| Percentage
of Children With Diagnosed Conditions During 28-Month Follow-Up Period |
||
|
48.8 | 53.1 |
|
31.7 | 26.7 |
|
16.4 | 18.3 |
|
2.7 | 6.8 |
|
1.0 | 2.7 |
| During
28-Month Follow-Up Period, Percentage of Children Who Had: |
||
|
0.7 | 1.9 |
|
1.3 | 1.9 |
|
13.8 | 19.5 |
|
29.9 | 41.4 |
|
0.4 | 1.4 |
|
0.9 | 2.5 |
|
7.2 | 8.0 |
| By 28 Months After Enrollment, Percentage of Children Who: | ||
|
2.9 | 10.5 |
|
1.3 | 7.3 |
| Sample Sizec | 346-407 | 560-666 |
| Source: Parent interviews conducted when children were approximately 14, 24, and 36 months of age and parent services follow-up interviews conducted an average of 7, 16, and 28 months after enrollment. | ||
| aPrimary caregivers were asked to rate the overall health of their child as poor (1), fair (2), good (3), very good (4), or excellent (5). | ||
| bDoctor told parent that child had a developmental delay or child received a score below 70 on the Bayley MDI conducted at 14, 24, or 36 months of age. | ||
| cRange reflects minimum and maximum sample sizes for items in table. | ||
| * Differences among groups are statistically significant at the .10 level. | ||
| ** Differences among groups are statistically significant at the .05 level. | ||
| ***Differences among groups are statistically significant at the .01 level. | ||
Teenage mothers were also less likely than older mothers to report that their child received early intervention services (1 compared with 7 percent) or had confirmed eligibility for early intervention services (3 compared with 11 percent). Teenage mothers were less likely than older mothers to report that their child had trouble communicating and that their child was hard for others to understand. They were also less likely to report that their child ever had a diagnosed speech problem (3 compared with 7 percent). These differences do not appear to be the result of less testing to identify potential problems. Children of teenage mothers were more likely than other children to have received screening tests, including those for hearing and lead.
The children of teenage mothers were more likely to be exposed to household smoking (66 compared with 54 percent) and may have been exposed to greater risk of accidents. Teenage mothers reported implementing significantly fewer safety practices than older mothers (4.8 compared to 5.2, on average). Consistent with the greater safety risks, children of teenage mothers were more likely to visit an emergency room (59 compared with 52 percent). Teenage mothers were also more likely to report that their child received regular health care at a hospital emergency room (3 compared with 1 percent).
Families Receiving Cash Assistance. The Early Head Start families who were receiving welfare cash assistance at enrollment (welfare families) were more likely than those who were not receiving it (nonwelfare families) to have health insurance for their children throughout the follow-up period (90 compared with 85 percent approximately 28 months after enrollment). Probably as a result, they were less likely to rely on a hospital emergency room for regular health care for their child (0.6 compared with 2.1 percent). Children in welfare families were more likely than those in nonwelfare families to be covered by Medicaid (76 compared with 52 percent) and less likely to be covered by private health insurance (22 compared with 41 percent) (Table 15).
| Receiving Welfare Cash Assistance |
Not Receiving Welfare Cash Assistance |
|
|---|---|---|
| Percentage of Children
with Health Insurance Approximately 28 Months After Enrollment |
||
|
75.6 | 52.4 |
|
21.5 | 41.2 |
|
90.0 | 84.6 |
| Percentage of Children with a Regular Source of Health Care | ||
|
97.9 | 96.7 |
|
98.2 | 93.7 |
|
95.3 | 93.9 |
| Percentage
of Children Whose Usual Places for Health Care 28 Months After Enrollment Included: |
||
|
33.2 | 42.2 |
|
34.2 | 37.6 |
|
18.4 | 14.1 |
|
15.6 | 10.1 |
|
5.1 | 4.5 |
|
0.6 | 2.1 |
|
0.4 | 0.4 |
| Percentage
of Children Who by 28 Months After Enrollment Had Received Any: |
||
|
96.3 | 94.2 |
|
78.3 | 83.0 |
|
53.3 | 52.7 |
|
12.2 | 9.4 |
| Average Number of Safety Practices Reported | 5.0 | 5.1 |
| Percentage of Children Who: | ||
|
77.7 | 81.9 |
|
18.1 | 17.7 |
|
10.3 | 7.5 |
| Percentage of Children Reported in Fair or Poor Health | ||
|
20.4 | 20.0 |
|
16.6 | 11.9 |
|
11.2 | 7.1 |
| Percentage
of Children with Diagnosed Conditions During 28-Month Follow-Up Period |
||
|
52.2 | 53.3 |
|
33.7 | 25.7 |
|
18.5 | 18.3 |
| Percentage
of Children With Diagnosed Conditions During 28-Month Follow-Up Period |
||
|
52.2 | 53.3 |
|
33.7 | 25.7 |
|
18.5 | 18.3 |
|
5.0 | 6.2 |
|
1.7 | 2.1 |
| During
28-Month Follow-Up Period, Percentage of Children Who Had: |
||
|
1.3 | 1.6 |
|
1.2 | 2.1 |
|
14.3 | 19.3 |
|
31.2 | 36.4 |
|
0 | 1.2 |
|
1.1 | 1.9 |
|
7.8 | 7.3 |
| By 28 Months After Enrollment, Percentage of Children Who: | ||
|
8.3 | 8.5 |
|
5.4 | 6.1 |
| SampleSizec | 242-292 | 511-604 |
| Source: Parent interviews and child assessments conducted when children were approximately 14, 24, and 36 months of age and parent services follow-up interviews conducted an average of 7, 16, and 28 months after enrollment. | ||
| aPrimary caregivers were asked to rate the overall health of their child as poor (1), fair (2), good (3), very good (4), or excellent (5). | ||
| bDoctor told parent that child had a developmental delay or child received a score below 70 on the Bayley MDI conducted at 14, 24, or 36 months of age. | ||
| cRange reflects minimum and maximum sample sizes for items in table. | ||
| * Differences among groups are statistically significant at the .10 level. | ||
| ** Differences among groups are statistically significant at the .05 level. | ||
| ***Differences among groups are statistically significant at the .01 level. | ||
The regular places that parents took their children for health care were similar among welfare and nonwelfare families. Children in welfare families, however, were somewhat more likely to receive regular health care from a hospital clinic, while children in nonwelfare families were more likely to receive regular health care at a private doctor’s office.
Early Head Start children in welfare families were more likely than those in nonwelfare families to have been exposed to household smoking (66 compared with 51 percent) and to have diagnosed asthma or respiratory problems (33 compared with 26 percent). Parents in welfare families were more likely than parents in nonwelfare families to report that their child was in fair or poor health at 24 and 36 months of age (17 and 11 percent compared with 12 and 7 percent, respectively).
Parents in families receiving welfare were more likely than parents in families not receiving it to report that their own health was fair or poor (46 compared with 38 percent). They were also more likely to report that health problems limited their participation in activities (48 percent compared to 35 percent) at some time between enrollment and the 28-month interview. Thus, poorer health status and activity limitations may have interfered with parenting in a higher proportion of welfare families.
Children of Less-Educated Mothers. Mothers who lacked a high school diploma or GED when they enrolled in Early Head Start, one-third of whom were Hispanic and 59 percent of whom were teenage mothers, were less likely to report having health insurance, less likely to report having a regular health care provider, and less likely to use health services for their children than mothers with more education (Table 16). Children of less-educated mothers were less likely than other children to be covered by some kind of health insurance (83 compared with 91 percent approximately 28 months after enrollment). They were more likely to be covered by Medicaid (70 percent compared with 60 and 48 percent of children whose parents had completed high school or had completed more education) but much less likely to be covered by private health insurance (19 percent compared with 42 and 50 percent), which reflects their lower likelihood of being employed during the follow-up period.
| No High
School Diploma or GED |
High
School Diploma or GED |
Education
Beyond High School Diploma or GED |
|
|---|---|---|---|
| Percentage of Children
with Health Insurance Approximately 28 Months After Enrollment |
|||
|
70.2 | 59.5 | 47.9 |
|
18.8 | 41.6 | 49.7 |
|
82.8 | 90.7 | 90.8 |
| Percentage
of Children with a Regular Source of Health Care |
|||
|
96.4 | 98.8 | 98.4 |
|
94.7 | 96.2 | 95.0 |
|
91.6 | 96.6 | 96.6 |
| Percentage
of Children Whose Usual Places for Health Care 28 Months After Enrollment Included: |
|||
|
37.2 | 38.6 | 44.8 |
|
37.3 | 36.8 | 33.1 |
|
18.3 | 13.6 | 10.5 |
|
12.1 | 9.2 | 14.6 |
|
2.7 | 7.2 | 6.1 |
|
2.7 | 2.0 | 0.3 |
|
0.2 | 0.3 | 1.2 |
| Percentage
of Children Who by 28 Months After Enrollment Had Received Any: |
|||
|
93.7 | 96.7 | 96.2 |
|
77.4 | 87.8 | 86.4 |
|
51.8 | 57.8 | 56.6 |
|
7.8 | 12.3 | 14.8 |
| Average Number of Safety Practices Reported*** | 4.7 | 5.2 | 5.5 |
| Percentage of Children Who: | |||
|
76.1 | 85.4 | 88.7 |
|
15.3 | 16.1 | 19.3 |
|
7.2 | 8.8 | 9.1 |
| Percentage
of Children Reported in Fair or Poor Health at Age: |
|||
|
20.1 | 16.7 | 20.8 |
|
13.9 | 10.6 | 12.2 |
|
9.7 | 6.7 | 7.5 |