ACF OPRE: Early Head Start Research and Evaluation Project (EHSRE)

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APPENDIX E.IV

TABLE E.IV.1
FAMILY CHARACTERISTICS, BY SITE
Subgroup	1	2	3	4	5	6	7	8	9	10	11	12	13	14	15	16	17	Average Across Sites
Race/Ethnicity
White non-Hispanic	27	79	4	19	77	21	75	82	1	60	12	17	27	3	4	20	92	36
Black non-Hispanic	72	1	93	5	15	58	17	4	46	23	87	40	34	9	0	78	3	34
Hispanic	1	13	3	66	5	20	3	7	40	4	1	40	31	85	92	1	3	24
Other	1	6	1	9	3	1	5	8	12	13	0	4	9	3	3	1	2	5
Primary Language
English	97	97	97	63	94	85	94	88	60	92	99	71	64	24	19	98	97	79
Other	3	3	3	37	6	15	6	12	40	8	1	29	36	76	81	2	3	21
Age of Child at Enrollment
Unborn	33	26	32	38	15	36	33	20	7	66	30	14	7	16	18	13	12	24
0-4 months	35	34	35	36	36	30	41	23	40	31	40	8	45	44	42	42	45	36
5-12 months	33	40	33	26	49	34	26	57	52	3	30	78	48	40	40	46	42	40
Child's Birth Order
Firstborn	43	68	100	73	45	57	61	56	89	61	84	59	45	44	53	77	53	63
Later-Born	57	32	0	27	55	43	39	44	11	39	16	41	55	56	47	23	47	37
Mother's Age When Child Was Born
Under 20	30	34	68	36	33	45	37	30	60	36	89	36	22	16	36	37	24	39
20 or older	70	66	32	64	67	55	63	70	40	64	11	64	78	84	64	63	76	61
Child's Gender
Female	55	52	44	54	47	50	47	49	45	51	52	54	42	51	44	44	49	49
Male	45	48	56	46	53	50	53	51	55	49	48	46	58	49	56	56	51	51
Family Was Receiving AFDC/TANF Cash Assistance
Yes	69	8	53	25	12	51	50	35	32	55	41	31	13	29	31	29	36	35
No	31	92	47	75	86	49	50	65	68	45	59	69	87	71	69	71	64	65
																		0
Primary Occupation
Employed	14	23	22	21	43	15	25	29	10	17	8	35	30	17	23	43	24	23
In school or training	19	20	40	17	15	27	11	19	48	14	67	31	6	5	10	19	8	22
Other	67	57	39	61	42	57	64	52	42	69	25	34	64	79	66	38	68	54
Highest Grade Completed
Less than 12th grade	34	35	52	49	29	57	45	33	70	42	79	45	32	66	86	38	28	48
12th grade or GED	42	30	29	22	40	25	35	34	10	33	14	24	37	14	9	40	43	28
More than 12th grade	24	35	19	29	31	19	21	33	19	25	7	31	32	20	5	22	29	24
Living Arrangements
With spouse	10	62	3	23	34	14	15	34	11	21	5	13	53	39	41	17	30	25
With other adults	39	29	16	62	26	46	46	22	52	43	84	57	22	26	31	40	32	40
Alone	51	9	81	14	40	39	39	44	37	36	12	30	24	36	27	44	37	35
																		0
Number of Maternal Risk Factors
0-1	8	41	7	18	30	8	12	23	10	15	2	18	44	18	8	22	23	18
2-3	56	48	47	56	58	56	55	62	55	55	50	62	48	64	57	52	58	55
4-5	35	11	46	26	12	36	33	14	35	31	48	20	9	18	34	26	20	27

Source: Head Start Family Information System application and enrollment forms.

Note: Sites are presented in random order.

TABLE E.IV.2
CHARACTERISTICS OF FAMILIES IN KEY PROGRAM SUBGROUPS
(Percents)
Subgroup	Average Across Sites	1997 Program Approach			Overall Implementation			Implementation of All Services		State Requires of Infants Parents to Work
Subgroup	Average Across Sites	Center	Home-based	Mixed	Early	Later	Other	Strong Full	Not Strong or Not Full	Yes	No
Race/Ethnicity
White nonhispanic	36	29	39	39	58	22	28	64	29	53	25
Black nonhispanic	34	45	28	35	23	33	50	21	39	23	43
Hispanic	24	22	29	21	14	41	16	11	27	19	28
Other	5	5	4	6	5	4	6	3	5	5	5
Primary Language
English	79	81	74	83	89	66	81	90	75	86	73
Other	21	19	26	17	11	34	19	10	25	14	27
Age of Child at Enrollment
Unborn	24	12	25	32	28	25	20	24	26	23	26
0-4 months	36	32	36	38	31	41	36	35	35	31	39
5-12 months	40	56	38	31	41	35	45	41	39	46	36
Child's Birth Order
Firstborn	63	68	61	62	57	65	67	57	64	63	63
Later-Born	37	33	39	38	43	35	33	43	36	37	37
Mother's Age When Child Was Born
Under 20	39	42	36	42	35	42	42	35	40	35	43
20 or older	61	59	64	58	65	58	58	65	60	65	57
Child's Gender
Female	49	48	49	50	51	49	47	50	49	50	48
Male	51	53	51	50	50	51	53	50	51	50	52
Family Was Receiving AFDC/TANF Cash Assistance
Yes	35	26	39	37	32	34	40	26	38	27	41
No	65	74	61	63	68	66	60	74	62	73	59
Primary Occupation
Employed	23	33	22	19	26	23	21	25	23	31	18
In school or training	22	28	18	23	19	22	26	19	23	19	24
Other	54	39	61	57	55	56	53	56	54	50	58
Highest Grade Completed
Less than 12th grade	48	46	50	48	39	61	44	39	51	39	55
12th grade or GED	28	29	28	29	33	22	30	33	27	32	26
More than 12th grade	24	26	22	24	28	17	25	28	22	29	20
Living Arrangements
With spouse	25	19	29	24	29	23	22	35	22	28	23
With other adults	40	44	30	48	39	48	30	34	40	40	39
Alone	35	38	41	27	32	29	47	31	38	31	38
Number of Maternal Risk Factors
0-1	18	20	17	18	23	13	18	25	16	23	14
2-3	55	57	56	54	56	56	54	55	56	56	55
4-5	27	23	27	28	22	31	28	20	28	20	31

Source: Head Start Family Information System application and enrollment forms.

TABLE E.IV.3

IMPACTS ON SERVICE RECEIPT DURING THE FIRST 28 MONTHS, BY PROGRAM APPROACH IN 1997
Any Services
	Center-Based Programs			Mixed-Approach Programs			Home-Based Programs
	Program Group	Control Group	Impact Estimate per Eligible Applicant	Program Group	Control Group	Impact Estimate per Eligible Applicant	Program Group	Control Group	Impact Estimate per Eligible Applicant
Any Key Services*** a, b	92.6	85.5	7.1**	97.3	80.7	16.6***	96	80.1	15.9***
Any Home Visits or Center-Based Child Care***	86.8	63.7	23.1***	94.8	62	32.8***	94.2	51.3	42.9***
More Than 1 Home Visit or 2 Weeks Center-Based Child Care***	84.3	56.5	27.7***	93.7	55.9	37.8***	93.6	46.3	47.3***
Home Visits or Center Care at Required Intensity in at Least 1 Followup***	59.7	27	32.7***	80.4	14.6	65.7***	76.8	5	71.8***
Home Visits or Center Care at Required Intensity in All 3 Followups***	28.1	10.1	18.0***	29.8	4.1	25.7***	30.4	0.1	30.3***
Home Visits
Any Home Visits***	72.6	23.3	49.3***	89.7	41.5	48.2***	92.9	33.3	59.7***
Any Child Development Services During Home Visits***	70.4	20.8	49.5***	88.3	43.3	45.1***	87.3	41.8	45.5***
Weekly Home Visits, 1st Follow-Up Period***	4.6	3.5	1.1	53.9	3	50.9***	62.4	2.3	60.0***
Weekly Home Visits, 2nd Follow-Up Period***	2.1	1.9	0.1	37	2.6	34.3***	53.2	1.9	51.2***
Weekly Home Visits, 3rd Follow-Up Period***	3	2.6	0.4	28.1	2.8	25.3***	43.4	2.3	41.0***
Weekly Home Visits in At Least 1 Followup***	7.8	4.6	3.3	66.2	5.5	60.7***	76.8	5	71.8***
Weekly Home Visits in All 3 Followups***	0.4	1.6	-1.3	17	0.6	16.4***	30.4	0.1	30.3***
Child Care
Any Child Care***	93.6	89.3	4.3	89.8	78.6	11.2***	78.7	76.3	2.4
Any Center-Based Child Care***	78.7	52.5	26.2***	52.2	34.5	17.7***	32.3	27	5.3*
Average Hours per Week of Center-Based Care***	13.5	6.8	6.7***	5.4	2.6	2.8***	2.6	1.6	1.0**
Concurrent Child Care Arrangements***	72.8	62.3	10.6**	52.1	39	13.1***	38.2	41	-2.8
Average Weekly Out-of-Pocket Cost of Care***	$3.70	$10.89	-$7.19***	$5.55	$8.34	-$2.79*	$4.08	$3.82	0.3
Received a Child Care Subsidy***	16.3	34.1	-17.8***	28.4	27.6	0.9	36.5	36.7	-0.2
Child was in Care at 12 Months of Age***	88.7	78.1	10.6**	63.8	44.9	18.9***	55.9	53.6	2.3
Child was in Care at 24 Months of Age***	81.2	75.3	6	66.3	48.6	17.7***	49	46.2	2.7
Case Management
Any Case Management Meetings***	73.5	58.3	15.2***	91.5	55	36.4***	90.3	54.3	36.0***
Weekly Case Management, 1st Follow-Up Period***	16.7	9.7	7.0*	49.9	7.4	42.5***	59.2	10.6	48.6***
Weekly Case Management, 2nd Follow-Up Period***	10.7	5	5.7**	37.5	5.8	31.8***	45.5	4	41.5***
Weekly Case Management, 3rd Follow-Up Period***	6.1	2.5	3.7*	30.7	5.7	25.0***	39.9	4.9	35.0***
Group Activities
Any Group Parenting Activities***	68.3	37.7	30.6***	70.3	38.5	31.8***	73.1	35.8	37.3***
Any Parent-Child Group Activities***	30	13.5	16.5***	45.3	17.4	27.9***	45.3	11.5	33.8***
Early Intervention Services
Identification of Child's Disability***	8.4	4.9	3.5	6.4	6.4	0	7.6	5	2.7*
Services for Child with Disability***	5.4	2.4	3	3.4	4.1	-0.7	5.3	3.7	1.5
Child Health Services
Any Child Health Services***	100	100	0	100	99.6	0.5	100	99.8	0.2
Any Doctor Visits***	99.1	99.5	-0.5	98.9	97	1.9*	99	98.7	0.3
Any Emergency Room Visits***	56	56.3	-0.4	54.1	48.3	5.8	53.4	56	-2.6
Number of Emergency Room Visits for Injuries	0.2	0.3	-0.1	0.2	0.2	0	0.3	0.3	0
Any Dentist Visits***	38.4	32.8	5.6	23.2	19.3	3.9	27.1	28.1	-1
Any Screening Tests***	69.3	68.6	0.7	71.1	70.6	0.5	62.4	61	1.4
Any Immunizations***	97.8	97.4	0.4	98.7	97.6	1.1	99.1	98.5	0.7
Family Development Services
Any Education-Related Services***	83.3	66.1	17.2***	91.8	61.4	30.3***	86.9	50.8	36.1***
Any Employment-Related Services***	68	43.5	24.5***	81.9	47.6	34.4***	77.3	47.1	30.2***
Any Family Health Servicesc	100	100	0	100	100	0	100	100	0
Any Family Mental Health Services***	19.8	14.7	5.1	23.7	25.9	-2.2	23.9	21	2.9
Transportation Assistance***	27.3	22.5	4.8	38.1	22.1	15.9***	32	23.9	8.1***
Housing Assistance***	56.1	44.7	11.4**	51.3	55.5	-4.3	65.7	64.1	1.6
Sample Size	230	204	434	358	354	712	488	453	941

SOURCE: Parent Services Follow-Up Interviews completed an average of 7, 16, and 28 months after random assignment.

NOTE: All estimates were calculated using regression models, where each site was weighted equally.

aHome visits, case management, center-based child care, and/or group parenting activities.(back)

bAsterisks next to variable names indicate significance levels for statistical tests of differences in impacts across the subgroups.(back)

cThere is no variance across subgroups due to lack of variance in level of services.(back)

*Significantly different from zero at the .10 level, two-tailed test.
**Significantly different from zero at the .05 level, two-tailed test.
***Significantly different from zero at the .01 level, two-tailed test.

TABLE E.IV.4

IMPACTS ON SERVICE RECEIPT DURING THE FIRST 28 MONTHS, BY PATTERN OF IMPLEMENTATION
Any Services
	Early Implementers			Later Implementers			Incomplete Implementers
	Program Group	Control Group	Impact Estimate per Eligible Applicant	Program Group	Control Group	Impact Estimate per Eligible Applicant	Program Group	Control Group	Impact Estimate per Eligible Applicant
Any Key Services*** a, b	99.4	70.6	25.8***	96.3	81.3	15.1***	90.5	78.1	12.5***
Any Home Visits or Center-Based Child Care***	97.7	59.8	37.9***	92.1	58.4	33.7***	87.8	55	32.9***
More Than 1 Home Visit or 2 Weeks Center-Based Child Care***	96.4	53.7	42.7***	91.2	51.4	39.8***	87	49.7	37.3***
Home Visits or Center Care at Required Intensity in at Least 1 Followup***	86.3	17	69.3***	69.2	13	56.2***	65.8	9.1	56.8***
Home Visits or Center Care at Required Intensity in All 3 Followups***	41.7	4	37.7***	26.3	3.8	22.5***	21.7	1.1	20.6***
Home Visits
Any Home Visits***	91.9	35.1	56.8***	87.4	36.2	51.3***	80	30.4	49.6***
Any Child Development Services During Home Visits***	91.3	33.1	58.3***	85.6	35	50.6***	80.1	25.7	54.4***
Weekly Home Visits, 1st Follow-Up Period***	53.5	2.6	50.9***	38.1	4.1	34.0***	44.9	2.4	42.5***
Weekly Home Visits, 2nd Follow-Up Period***	40.4	2.8	37.6***	33.7	2.4	31.3***	30.9	1.7	29.2***
Weekly Home Visits, 3rd Follow-Up Period***	29.5	2.4	27.0***	32.6	1.8	30.8***	23.5	2.5	21.1***
Weekly Home Visits in at Least 1 Followup***	59.5	5.5	54.0***	55.5	6	49.5***	54.8	3.8	50.9***
Weekly Home Visits in All 3 Followups***	24.4	0.3	24.1***	16.6	0.6	16.0***	15	0.1	15.0***
Child Care
Any Child Care***	87.6	80.7	6.9**	81.3	76.8	4.5	90.4	83.2	7.2**
Any Center-Based Child Care***	56	35.8	20.2***	49.2	34.4	14.8***	45.6	35.9	9.7**
Average Hours per Week of Center-Based Care*	7.9	3.6	4.2***	5.1	3.1	2.0***	5.4	2.6	2.9***
Concurrent Child Care Arrangements***	56.7	48.8	7.9*	48.1	39.9	8.2**	48.9	47.1	1.9
Average Weekly Out-of-Pocket Cost of Care	$4.09	$7.33	-$3.23**	$3.53	$6.10	-$2.57***	$6.06	$8.08	($2.02)
Received a Child Care Subsidy***	26.3	30.8	-4.5	27.2	30.9	-3.7	36.1	35.5	0.6
Child was in Care at 12 Months of Age***	68.4	53	15.4***	60.1	58.9	5.1	74.2	54.6	14.6***
Child was in Care at 24 Months of Age	64.2	58.2	6	56.5	44.5	12.1***	69.9	58.6	11.3**
Case Management
Any Case Management Meetings***	91.4	67	24.4***	85.4	51.8	33.6***	82.2	46.9	35.2***
Weekly Case Management, 1st Follow-Up Period***	54.3	10	44.3***	35.8	9.4	26.3***	47.6	8.6	39.0***
Weekly Case Management, 2nd Follow-Up Period***	42	6.4	35.6***	27.8	4.6	23.3***	31.7	5.1	26.6***
Weekly Case Management, 3rd Follow-Up Period***	32.9	6.5	26.4***	29.9	3.3	26.6***	22.5	3.6	18.9***
Group Activities
Any Group Parenting Activities***	76.9	44	32.9***	68.7	30.9	37.9***	65.9	37.6	28.3***
Any Parent-Child Group Activities***	43.8	19.8	24.0***	46	8.1	37.9***	33.1	15.7	17.3***
Early Intervention Services
Identification of Child's Disability***	6.3	7.2	-0.9	6.5	4.3	2.2	9.3	5.2	4.1*
Services for Child with Disability***	4.2	4.3	-0.1	3.4	2.6	0.8	6.5	4	2.5
Child Health Services
Any Child Health Services***	100	100	0	100	99.5	0.5	100	100	0
Any Doctor Visits***	99.7	99.6	0.1	98	96.7	1.4	98.9	99.2	-0.3
Any Emergency Room Visits***	60.3	54.6	5.6	46.4	49.3	-2.9	55.6	57.5	-1.9
Number of Emergency Room Visits for Injuries	0.3	0.3	0	0.1	0.2	-0.1*	0.3	0.3	-0.1
Any Dentist Visits***	32.2	24.2	8.0**	27.9	24.7	3.3	24.9	29.4	-4.5
Any Screening Tests***	64.4	62.1	2.3	64.3	64.4	-0.1	74.1	72.8	1.3
Any Immunizations***	99	97.4	1.6	98.1	97.6	0.5	99.2	98.5	0.7
Family Development Services
Any Education-Related Services***	87.6	61.9	25.8***	83.9	55.6	28.4***	90.4	59	31.5***
Any Employment-Related Services***	77.2	48.8	28.5***	74.5	41.6	33.0***	78.9	49.3	29.6***
Any Family Health Services c	100	100	0	100	100	0	100	100	0
Any Family Mental Health Services***	30.3	27.5	2.8	17.1	16.2	0.9	20	20.8	-0.8
Transportation Assistance***	34.3	22	12.3***	34.8	19.2	15.5***	30.6	27.2	3.3
Housing Assistance***	58.1	56.5	1.6	49.9	47.6	2.3	68.3	67.8	0.4
Sample Size	366	367	733	410	374	784	300	270	570

SOURCE: Parent Services Follow-Up Interviews completed an average of 7, 16, and 28 months after random assignment.

NOTE: All estimates were calculated using regression models, where each site was weighted equally. Only sites with at least 10 program group members and 10 control group members in the subgroups are included in the estimates for each subgroup.

aHome visits, case management, center-based child care, and/or group parenting activities.(back)

bAsterisks next to variable names indicate significance levels for statistical tests of differences in impacts across the subgroups in the first two columns.(back)

cThere is no variance across subgroups due to lack of variance in level of services.(back)

TABLE E.IV.5

IMPACTS ON SERVICE RECEIPT DURING THE FIRST 28 MONTHS, BY IMPLEMENTATION STATUS OF
MIXED APPROACH PROGRAMS
Any Services
	Early Implementers			Late or Incomplete Implementers
	Program Group	Control Group	Impact Estimate per Eligible Applicant	Program Group	Control Group	Impact Estimate per Eligible Applicant
Any Key Services***a, b	98.6	79.1	19.6***	96.7	81.7	15.0***
Any Home Visits or Center-Based Child Care***	95	62.7	32.4***	93.3	62.8	30.5***
More Than 1 Home Visit or 2 Weeks Center-Based Child Care***	93.2	58.2	35.0***	93.1	54.9	38.2***
Home Visits or Center Care at Required Intensity in at Least 1 Followup***	85.9	11.2	74.7***	71.9	20.8	51.1***
Home Visits or Center Care at Required Intensity in All 3 Followups***	31.2	3.7	27.5***	26.6	6.6	20.0***
Home Visits
Any Home Visits***	93.1	49.1	43.9***	85.1	35.1	50.0***
Any Child Development Services During Home Visits***	91	48	43.0***	86.2	34.2	52.0***
Weekly Home Visits, 1st Follow-Up Period***	72	2.6	69.5***	35.4	3.9	31.6***
Weekly Home Visits, 2nd Follow-Up Period***	51.6	3.8	47.8***	20.7	3.3	17.5***
Weekly Home Visits, 3rd Follow-Up Period***	31.8	3.8	27.9***	23.4	2.9	20.5***
Weekly Home Visits in at Least 1 Followup***	81.1	6.2	74.9***	50	5.9	44.1***
Weekly Home Visits in All 3 Followups***	25	0.7	24.3***	8.2	1.3	7.0***
Child Care
Any Child Care***	85.9	73.1	12.8**	94.8	83	11.7***
Any Center-Based Child Care***	43.6	29.3	14.3**	60.1	40.4	19.7***
Average Hours per Week of Center-Based Care	3.1	1.7	1.4	7.5	3.6	3.9***
Concurrent Child Care Arrangements***	43.8	34.1	9.7	61	43.2	17.7***
Average Weekly Out-of-Pocket Cost of Care	$6.64	$5.84	$0.81	$4.21	$11.12	-$6.91***
Received a Child Care Subsidy***	31	29.7	1.3	26.9	24.5	2.4
Child was in Care at 12 Months of Age**	53.9	36.2	17.8**	74.6	52.8	21.9***
Child was in Care at 24 Months of Age**	59.3	42.9	16.4**	72.8	53.8	19.0***
Case Management
Any Case Management Meetings***	93.3	64.5	28.9***	88.9	46.5	42.4***
Weekly Case Management, 1st Follow-Up Period***	62.5	10	52.5***	38.1	4.1	34.0***
Weekly Case Management, 2nd Follow-Up Period***	49.1	6.5	42.6***	23.7	7.5	16.2***
Weekly Case Management, 3rd Follow-Up Period***	34.5	9	25.5***	25.4	3.9	21.5***
Group Activities
Any Group Parenting Activities***	65.3	41.6	23.7***	74.5	36.5	37.9***
Any Parent-Child Group Activities**	38.9	23.4	15.6***	49.8	13.4	36.3***
Early Intervention Services
Identification of Child's Disability***	3.1	6.3	-3.2	9.8	6.4	3.4
Services for Child with Disability***	1.6	3.6	-2	5.4	4.5	0.9
Child Health Services
Any Child Health Services***	100	100	0	99.9	99.5	0.4
Any Doctor Visits***	100	99	1.1	97.9	94.8	3.2
Any Emergency Room Visits***	61.3	46	15.4**	48.3	49.4	-1.1
Number of Emergency Room Visits for Injuries	0.3	0.2	0	0.1	0.2	-0.1
Any Dentist Visits***	20.6	17.6	3.1	25.8	20.9	5
Any Screening Tests***	76.9	76.9	0	65	64.6	0.4
Any Immunizations***	99.5	97.4	2.1	97.4	98.3	-1
Family Development Services
Any Education-Related Services***	88.8	56.7	32.1***	94.3	66.6	27.7***
Any Employment-Related Services***	81.9	58.7	23.2***	83.1	35.2	47.9***
Any Family Health Servicesc	100	100	0	100	100	0
Any Family Mental Health Services***	32	34.2	-2.2	14	19.2	-5.2
Transportation Assistance***	43.9	23.9	19.9***	32.3	20.3	12.1**
Housing Assistance***	59.4	62.1	-2.7	42.8	49.2	-6.4
Sample Size	180	195	375	178	159	367

SOURCE: Parent Services Follow-Up Interviews completed an average of 7, 16, and 28 months after random assignment.

aHome visits, case management, center-based child care, and/or group parenting activities.(back)

bAsterisks next to variable names indicate significance levels for statistical tests of differences in impacts across the subgroups in the first two columns.(back)

cThere is no variance across subgroups due to lack of variance in level of services.(back)

TABLE E.IV.6

IMPACTS ON SERVICE RECEIPT DURING THE FIRST 28 MONTHS, BY IMPLEMENTATION
STATUS OF HOME-BASED PROGRAMS
Any Services
	Early or Late Implementers			Incomplete Implementers
	Program Group	Control Group	Impact Estimate per Eligible Applicant	Program Group	Control Group	Impact Estimate per Eligible Applicant
Any Key Services***a, b	96.7	81.4	15.2***	94.6	78.7	15.9***
Any Home Visits or Center-Based Child Care***	95.7	73.3	22.4***	94.6	72.4	22.2***
More Than 1 Home Visit or 2 Weeks Center-Based Child Care***	94.2	50.6	43.7***	94.5	51.9	42.6***
Home Visits or Center Care at Required Intensity in at Least 1 Followup***	80.4	5.9	74.5***	73.5	2.2	71.3***
Home Visits or Center Care at Required Intensity in All 3 Followups***	36.9	-0.2	37.1***	23.2	-1.1	24.3***
Home Visits
Any Home Visits***	93.4	33.8	59.6***	92.6	32.5	60.1***
Any Child Development Services During Home Visits***	92.2	30.6	61.6***	92.7	28.9	63.8***
Weekly Home Visits, 1st Follow-Up Period***	63.9	3.2	60.8***	61.8	-0.5	62.2***
Weekly Home Visits, 2nd Follow-Up Period***	60.7	2.3	58.5***	43.1	1.5	41.6***
Weekly Home Visits, 3rd Follow-Up Period***	51.9	1.7	50.2***	33.7	1.3	32.5***
Weekly Home Visits in at Least 1 Followup***	80.4	5.9	74.5***	73.5	2.2	71.3***
Weekly Home Visits in All 3 Followups***	36.9	-0.2	37.1***	23.2	-1.1	24.3***
Child Care
Any Child Care***	71.0	71.0	0.0	90.3	81.9	8.3**
Any Center-Based Child Care***	27.2	25.6	1.6	40.4	27.6	12.7**
Average Hours per Week of Center-Based Care	2.0	1.8	0.6	3.7	1.5	2.2***
Concurrent Child Care Arrangements***	32.3	35.5	-3.2	46.6	47.8	-1.3
Average Weekly Out-of-Pocket Cost of Care	$2.77	$2.59	$0.19	$5.71	$5.61	$0.10
Received a Child Care Subsidy***	22.0	28.8	-6.7	56.1	46.9	9.2
Child was in Care at 12 Months of Age***	43.4	45.7	-2.2	73.3	63.5	9.8*
Child was in Care at 24 Months of Age***	32.9	36.3	-3.4	69.4	60.7	8.7
Case Management
Any Case Management Meetings***	88.1	55.3	32.8***	93.4	52.7	40.7***
Weekly Case Management, 1st Follow-Up Period***	57.7	12.5	45.3***	61.4	7.9	53.6***
Weekly Case Management, 2nd Follow-Up Period***	48.8	4.8	44.0***	41.4	2.6	38.8***
Weekly Case Management, 3rd Follow-Up Period***	47.9	5.2	42.7***	29.8	3.7	26.1***
Group Activities
Any Group Parenting Activities***	75.6	37.1	38.6***	70.6	33.1	37.5***
Any Parent-Child Group Activities**	58.2	9.7	48.5***	29.1	13.1	16.0***
Early Intervention Services
Identification of Child's Disability***	8.7	5.2	3.5*	6.5	4.3	2.2
Services for Child with Disability***	5.9	4.1	1.8	4.8	2.9	1.9
Child Health Services
Any Child Health Services***	99.9	99.8	0.2	100.0	100.0	0.0
Any Doctor Visits***	98.3	98.0	0.3	99.9	99.6	0.3
Any Emergency Room Visits***	45.0	51.3	-6.2	64.3	62.6	1.7
Number of Emergency Room Visits for Injuries	0.2	0.3	-0.1***	0.4	0.3	0.1
Any Dentist Visits***	28.6	29.5	-0.9	23.9	27.4	-3.5
Any Screening Tests***	57.8	54.9	3.0	67.7	69.9	-2.3
Any Immunizations***	99.3	98.7	0.6	99.0	98.1	0.9
Family Development Services
Any Education-Related Services***	83.6	49.7	33.9***	92.3	50.8	41.6***
Any Employment-Related Services***	70.3	38.1	32.2***	86.2	59.5	26.7***
Any Family Health Servicesc	100.0	100.0	0.0	100.0	100.0	0.0
Any Family Mental Health Services***	24.4	20.2	4.2	22.5	22.7	-0.2
Transportation Assistance***	31.6	14.7	16.9***	33.8	34.9	-1.0
Housing Assistance***	54.6	50.7	3.9	81.6	80.8	0.8
Sample Size	287	276	563	201	177	378

SOURCE: Parent Services Follow-Up Interviews completed an average of 7, 16, and 28 months after random assignment.

aHome visits, case management, center-based child care, and/or group parenting activities.(back)

bAsterisks next to variable names indicate significance levels for statistical tests of differences in impacts across the subgroups in the first two columns.(back)

cThere is no variance across subgroups due to lack of variance in level of services.(back)

TABLE E.IV.7

IMPACTS ON SERVICE RECEIPT DURING THE FIRST 28 MONTHS, BY IMPLEMENTATION STATUS
OF ALL SERVICES
Any Services
	Strong Full Implementation			Not Strong or Not Full Implementation
	Program Group	Control Group	Impact Estimate per Eligible Applicant	Program Group	Control Group	Impact Estimate per Eligible Applicant
Any Key Services*** a, b	99.3	82.4	16.8***	94.7	81.2	13.5***
Any Home Visits or Center-Based Child Care***	99.2	80.4	18.8***	93.2	75.0	18.2***
More Than 1 Home Visit or 2 Weeks Center-Based Child Care***	96.6	56.5	40.0***	91.6	58.4	33.3***
Home Visits or Center Care at Required Intensity in at Least 1 Followup***	87.9	12.8	75.0***	69.8	13.7	56.1***
Home Visits or Center Care at Required Intensity in All 3 Followups***	45.7	2.7	42.9***	25.7	3.1	22.7***
Home Visits
Any Home Visits***	94.0	34.5	59.4***	85.0	33.5	51.4***
Any Child Development Services During Home Visits***	92.6	32.0	60.6***	84.1	31.3	52.8***
Weekly Home Visits, 1st Follow-Up Period***	62.0	2.0	60.0***	40.3	3.6	36.8***
Weekly Home Visits, 2nd Follow-Up Period***	50.5	3.1	47.5***	30.8	1.9	29.0***
Weekly Home Visits, 3rd Follow-Up Period***	38.3	1.5	36.9***	26.1	2.3	23.8***
Weekly Home Visits in at Least 1 Followup***	69.1	4.4	64.8***	53.0	5.3	47.6***
Weekly Home Visits in All 3 Followups***	32.7	-0.4	33.1***	14.7	0.5	14.2***
Child Care
Any Child Care***	83.6	78.2	5.4	86.6	81.0	5.7***
Any Center-Based Child Care***	47.1	29.6	17.5***	51.3	37.5	13.8***
Average Hours per Week of Center-Based Care	5.1	2.9	2.3***	6.4	3.3	3.1***
Concurrent Child Care Arrangements***	52.6	42.3	10.3**	51.6	45.4	6.2**
Average Weekly Out-of-Pocket Cost of Care	$4.54	$5.52	-$0.99	$4.39	$7.66	-$3.28***
Received a Child Care Subsidy***	21.2	22.4	-1.2	32.0	35.3	-1.3
Child was in Care at 12 Months of Age***	62.7	49.8	12.9*	68.2	56.9	11.3***
Child was in Care at 24 Months of Age***	55.2	49.1	6.1	64.6	54.3	10.3***
Case Management
Any Case Management Meetings***	96.1	67.1	29.1***	84.3	51.6	32.7***
Weekly Case Management, 1st Follow-Up Period***	68.4	8.8	59.7***	39.5	8.9	30.6***
Weekly Case Management, 2nd Follow-Up Period***	53.6	5.6	48.0***	28.4	4.8	23.6***
Weekly Case Management, 3rd Follow-Up Period***	43.8	5.4	38.4***	24.5	3.9	20.6***
Group Activities
Any Group Parenting Activities***	71.6	40.5	31.1***	70.5	36.5	34.0***
Any Parent-Child Group Activities**	47.2	22.0	25.1***	39.3	12.5	26.8***
Early Intervention Services
Identification of Child's Disability***	7.4	8.0	-0.6	7.2	4.9	2.3**
Services for Child with Disability***	4.4	5.7	-1.3	4.5	3.1	1.5
Child Health Services
Any Child Health Services***	100.0	100.0	0.0	100.0	99.8	0.2
Any Doctor Visits***	99.4	99.5	-0.1	98.7	98.1	0.6
Any Emergency Room Visits***	61.0	53.8	7.2	51.9	53.5	-1.6
Number of Emergency Room Visits for Injuries	0.3	0.3	-0.0	0.2	0.3	-0.1
Any Dentist Visits***	29.8	22.3	7.5*	27.9	27.3	0.5
Any Screening Tests***	73.5	68.1	5.4	64.9	65.8	-0.9
Any Immunizations***	99.2	96.9	2.3*	98.7	98.1	0.6
Family Development Services
Any Education-Related Services***	88.3	56.3	32.0***	87.3	59.0	28.3***
Any Employment-Related Services***	79.0	48.7	30.4***	76.2	45.6	30.5***
Any Family Health Services c	100.0	100.0	0.0	100.0	100.0	0.0
Any Family Mental Health Services***	25.2	21.3	3.9	19.4	20.3	-0.9
Transportation Assistance***	28.3	13.4	14.9***	34.7	25.6	9.1***
Housing Assistance***	57.1	58.7	-1.5	58.2	56.5	1.7
Sample Size	255	254	509	821	757	1,578

SOURCE: Parent Services Follow-Up Interviews completed an average of 7, 16, and 28 months after random assignment.

aHome visits, case management, center-based child care, and/or group parenting activities.(back)

bAsterisks next to variable names indicate significance levels for statistical tests of differences in impacts across the subgroups in the first two columns.(back)

cThere is no variance across subgroups due to lack of variance in level of services.(back)

TABLE E.IV.8

IMPACTS ON SERVICE RECEIPT DURING THE FIRST 28 MONTHS, BY WORK REQUIREMENTS FOR
MOTHERS RECEIVING AFDC/TANF
Any Services
	Mothers of Children Under 1 Required to Work			Mothers of Children Under 1 Not Required to Work
	Program Group	Control Group	Impact Estimate per Eligible Applicant	Program Group	Control Group	Impact Estimate per Eligible Applicant
Any Key Services*** a, b	97.5	88.2	9.3***	94.5	77.0	17.5***
Any Home Visits or Center-Based Child Care***	95.0	58.1	36.9***	91.1	58.0	33.1***
More Than 1 Home Visit or 2 Weeks Center-Based Child Care***	93.5	50.8	42.7***	90.4	52.7	37.7***
Home Visits or Center Care at Required Intensity in at Least 1 Followup***	79.3	18.0	61.3***	69.0	11.9	57.1***
Home Visits or Center Care at Required Intensity in All 3 Followups***	40.4	4.7	35.7***	22.4	3.0	19.5***
Home Visits
Any Home Visits***	89.2	30.9	58.3***	85.6	35.9	49.8***
Any Child Development Services During Home Visits***	88.0	28.4	59.6***	84.9	33.6	51.3***
Weekly Home Visits, 1st Follow-Up Period***	45.2	4.5	40.7***	45.1	2.8	42.3***
Weekly Home Visits, 2nd Follow-Up Period***	36.9	2.8	34.0***	34.0	2.1	31.8***
Weekly Home Visits, 3rd Follow-Up Period***	29.1	3.0	26.2***	28.0	2.2	25.8***
Weekly Home Visits in at Least 1 Followup***	51.2	6.3	45.0***	60.0	5.0	55.0***
Weekly Home Visits in All 3 Followups***	23.5	1.4	22.1***	15.0	0.4	14.6***
Child Care
Any Child Care***	87.5	83.5	4.0*	84.6	78.4	6.3***
Any Center-Based Child Care***	53.9	37.0	16.9***	47.9	34.5	13.5***
Average Hours per Week of Center-Based Care	8.0	3.9	4.1***	4.8	2.7	2.1***
Concurrent Child Care Arrangements***	61.1	56.7	4.4	44.4	37.2	7.3**
Average Weekly Out-of-Pocket Cost of Care	$4.01	$8.18	-$4.17***	$4.60	$6.60	-$2.00**
Received a Child Care Subsidy***	25.1	31.7	-6.6*	31.7	33.7	-2.0
Child was in Care at 12 Months of Age***	72.6	65.2	7.4**	62.3	50.0	12.3**
Child was in Care at 24 Months of Age***	65.1	61.6	3.5	60.6	49.1	11.5***
Case Management
Any Case Management Meetings***	90.8	70.6	20.3***	84.2	44.7	39.5***
Weekly Case Management, 1st Follow-Up Period***	51.4	12.7	38.8***	42.4	6.4	36.0***
Weekly Case Management, 2nd Follow-Up Period***	41.3	6.3	34.9***	29.5	4.1	25.4***
Weekly Case Management, 3rd Follow-Up Period***	33.5	5.9	27.7***	25.3	3.7	21.6***
Group Activities
Any Group Parenting Activities***	73.1	38.2	34.9***	69.0	37.1	31.9***
Any Parent-Child Group Activities**	40.8	14.4	26.3***	41.9	14.4	27.4***
Early Intervention Services
Identification of Child's Disability***	10.4	7.6	2.9	5.1	4.1	1.0
Services for Child with Disability***	6.7	4.6	2.2	3.2	2.8	0.4
Child Health Services
Any Child Health Services***	100.0	99.8	0.2	100.0	99.8	0.2
Any Doctor Visits***	99.6	99.6	-0.0	98.6	97.4	1.2
Any Emergency Room Visits***	61.1	57.5	3.6	49.5	50.4	-1.0
Number of Emergency Room Visits for Injuries	0.3	0.3	-0.0	0.2	0.2	-0.0
Any Dentist Visits***	33.4	26.2	7.2**	24.9	26.0	-1.1
Any Screening Tests***	59.2	59.8	-0.6	72.1	71.2	1.0
Any Immunizations***	98.7	97.7	1.0	98.8	97.9	1.0
Family Development Services
Any Education-Related Services***	87.6	63.9	23.7***	86.8	55.2	31.7***
Any Employment-Related Services***	78.1	48.4	29.6***	75.9	44.9	31.0***
Any Family Health Servicesc	100.0	100.0	0.0	100.0	100.0	0.0
Any Family Mental Health Services***	28.1	21.1	6.9**	18.9	21.5	-2.7
Transportation Assistance***	32.4	25.0	7.4**	33.4	21.5	11.9***
Housing Assistance***	57.7	51.8	5.9*	58.4	60.3	-1.8
Sample Size	468	438	906	608	573	1,181

SOURCE: Parent Services Follow-Up Interviews completed an average of 7, 16, and 28 months after random assignment.

aHome visits, case management, center-based child care, and/or group parenting activities.(back)

bAsterisks next to variable names indicate significance levels for statistical tests of differences in impacts across the subgroups in the first two columns.(back)

cThere is no variance across subgroups due to lack of variance in level of services.(back)

AFDC = Aid to Families with Dependent Children TANF = Temporary Assistance for Needy Families

TABLE E.IV.9

IMPACTS ON SERVICE RECEIPT DURING THE FIRST 28 MONTHS, BY WHETHER PROGRAM IS
LOCATED IN AN URBAN AREA
Any Services
	Urban Sites			Rural or Non-Urban Sites
	Program Group	Control Group	Impact estimate per Eligible Applicant	Program Group	Control Group	Impact estimate per Eligible Applicant
Any Key Services*** a, b	94.4	78.4	16.0***	98.4	89.5	8.9***
Any Home Visits or Center-Based Child Care***	92.2	56.3	35.9***	94.4	61.6	32.8***
More Than 1 Home Visit or 2 Weeks Center-Based Child Care***	91.2	50.8	40.3***	93.6	53.7	39.9***
Home Visits or Center Care at Required Intensity in at Least 1 Followup***	73.1	11.8	61.3***	75.1	19.0	56.1***
Home Visits or Center Care at Required Intensity in All 3 Followups***	26.3	1.8	24.4***	39.1	7.4	31.7***
Home Visits
Any Home Visits***	86.4	34.3	52.1***	88.6	32.5	56.1***
Any Child Development Services During Home Visits***	85.6	31.0	54.5***	87.6	32.4	55.2***
Weekly Home Visits, 1st Follow-Up Period***	47.9	3.5	44.4***	39.3	2.7	36.6***
Weekly Home Visits, 2nd Follow-Up Period***	35.2	2.6	32.6***	34.7	2.5	32.2***
Weekly Home Visits, 3rd Follow-Up Period***	27.3	2.5	24.8***	32.1	2.1	29.9***
Weekly Home Visits in at Least 1 Followup***	59.2	5.7	53.5***	49.7	5.1	44.7***
Weekly Home Visits in All 3 Followups***	17.1	0.5	16.7***	22.1	1.2	20.9***
Child Care
Any Child Care***	87.1	80.8	6.3***	83.5	78.9	4.6
Any Center-Based Child Care***	46.3	33.7	12.6***	60.0	39.9	20.1***
Average Hours per Week of Center-Based Care	5.6	2.4	3.2***	7.6	4.6	3.0***
Concurrent Child Care Arrangements***	48.8	43.8	5.0*	56.9	49.1	7.8*
Average Weekly Out-of-Pocket Cost of Care	$5.27	$7.73	-$2.46***	$2.34	$5.86	-$3.51***
Received a Child Care Subsidy***	32.0	34.5	-2.5	24.1	26.3	-2.1
Child was in Care at 12 Months of Age***	67.0	53.3	13.7***	66.4	62.1	4.3
Child was in Care at 24 Months of Age***	63.0	52.9	10.1***	62.1	56.3	5.8
Case Management
Any Case Management Meetings***	85.5	53.1	32.4***	89.7	61.3	28.4***
Weekly Case Management, 1st Follow-Up Period***	47.9	9.8	38.1***	41.8	7.2	34.6***
Weekly Case Management, 2nd Follow-Up Period***	35.4	5.8	29.6***	29.7	5.1	24.6***
Weekly Case Management, 3rd Follow-Up Period***	26.3	5.2	21.1***	34.6	3.1	31.5***
Group Activities
Any Group Parenting Activities***	68.2	35.3	32.9***	77.5	42.1	35.4***
Any Parent-Child Group Activities**	37.8	15.5	22.3***	50.8	11.1	39.7***
Early Intervention Services
Identification of Child's Disability***	7.2	5.7	1.5	7.2	5.5	1.7
Services for Child with Disability***	4.6	3.4	1.1	4.4	4.4	-0.0
Child Health Services
Any Child Health Services***	100.0	99.9	0.1	100.0	99.5	0.5
Any Doctor Visits***	99.3	99.2	0.1	97.9	96.4	1.4
Any Emergency Room Visits***	55.3	55.1	0.2	50.6	50.2	0.4
Number of Emergency Room Visits for Injuries	0.2	0.3	-0.1	0.2	0.3	-0.0
Any Dentist Visits***	25.1	25.8	-0.7	35.9	27.0	8.9**
Any Screening Tests***	66.8	68.8	-2.0	66.9	60.9	6.0
Any Immunizations***	99.2	98.3	1.0	97.9	96.4	1.5
Family Development Services
Any Education-Related Services***	87.7	58.4	29.3***	85.8	59.7	26.1***
Any Employment-Related Services***	77.4	48.4	29.0***	75.7	41.2	34.5***
Any Family Health Servicesc	100.0	100.0	0.0	100.0	100.0	0.0
Any Family Mental Health Services***	23.3	23.6	-0.3	20.0	17.0	3.0
Transportation Assistance***	35.8	26.2	9.6***	26.3	14.9	11.4***
Housing Assistance***	62.5	61.3	1.2	48.2	45.5	2.8
Sample Size	741	720	1,461	335	291	626

SOURCE: Parent Services Follow-Up Interviews completed an average of 7, 16, and 28 months after random assignment.

aHome visits, case management, center-based child care, and/or group parenting activities.(back)

bAsterisks next to variable names indicate significance levels for statistical tests of differences in impacts across the subgroups in the first two columns.(back)

cThere is no variance across subgroups due to lack of variance in level of services.(back)

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