Skip Navigation
acfbanner  
ACF
Department of Health and Human Services Administration for Children and Families
          
ACF Home   |   Services   |   Working with ACF   |   Policy/Planning   |   About ACF   |   ACF News   |   HHS Home

  Questions?  |  Privacy  |  Site Index  |  Contact Us  |  Download Reader™Download Reader  |  Print Print      

Office of Planning, Research & Evaluation (OPRE) skip to primary page content
Advanced
Search

 Table of Contents | Previous | Next

APPENDIX E.VI

TABLE E.VI.1

IMPACTS ON CHILD AND FAMILY OUTCOMES AT AGE 3, BY PROGRAM APPROACH IN 1997
  Center-Based Programs Mixed-Approach Programs Home-Based Programs
Outcome Program
Group
Participants		 Control
Groupa		 Impact
Estimate per
Participantb		 Effect
Sizec		 Program
Group
Participants		 Control
Groupa		 Impact
Estimate per
Participantb		 Effect
Sizec		 Program
Group
Participants		 Control
Groupa		 Impact
Estimate per
Participantb		 Effect
Sizec
Child Cognitive and Language Development
Bayley Mental Development Index (MDI) Standard Score 89.8 88.9 0.9 7.2 89.3 87.9 1.4 10.9 94.1 92.8 1.2 9.5
Percentage with MDI < 85***d 26.5 36.1 -9.7 -20.7 36.1 38.4 -2.2 -4.8 20.5 22.0 -1.4 -3.1
Peabody Picture Vocabulary Test (PPVT)-III Standard Score 83.2 81.8 1.5 9.1 82.2 78.5 3.7** 22.6 84.6 83.1 1.5 9.1
Percentage with PPVT-III < 85*** 52.4 54.7 -2.3 -4.5 56.0 67.7 -11.6** -23.3 45.6 48.6 -3.0 -6.1
Child Social-Emotional Development
Engagement of Parent During Parent-Child Semistructured Play 4.9 4.7 0.2 17.4 4.7 4.4 0.3*** 29.5 4.8 4.6 0.2** 19.2
Sustained Attention
with Objects During Parent-Child Semistructured Play		 5.0 5.0 0.0 0.5 5.0 4.7 0.3*** 30.8 5.0 4.9 0.1 10.6
Engagement of
Parent During
Parent-Child Puzzle Challenge Task		 5.0 4.9 0.1 8.0 5.0 4.9 0.1 14.2 5.1 5.0 0.1 5.6
Persistence During Parent-Child Puzzle Challenge Task 4.4 4.3 0.1 9.1 4.5 4.4 0.0 3.5 4.7 4.6 0.1 12.0
Bayley Behavioral Rating Scale (BRS): Emotional Regulation 4.0 4.0 0.0 1.1 4.0 4.1 -0.1 -7.9 4.0 4.0 0.0 2.1
Bayley BRS: Orientation/
Engagement		 3.9 3.9 0.1 9.6 3.9 3.9 -0.1 -9.5 3.9 3.8 0.0 3.4
Negativity Toward Parent During Parent- Child Semistructured Play 1.2 1.4 -0.2** -27.1 1.3 1.3 -0.1 -15.3 1.3 1.3 -0.0 -6.6
Frustration During Parent-Child Puzzle Challenge Task 2.5 2.7 -0.2 -14.9 2.8 2.7 0.1 10.3 2.7 2.6 0.1 5.9
Child Behavior Checklist-
Aggressive Behavior		 9.6 10.8 -1.2 -18.1 10.7 11.3 -0.6 -9.3 11.2 11.7 -0.5 -7.8
Child Health Status
Child's Health Status 3.9 4.1 -0.2 -17.1 4.1 4.1 0.0 2.3 4.0 4.0 -0.0 -4.0
Percentage of Children in Fair or Poor Health*** 9.9 6.7 3.2 11.1 5.4 6.0 -0.6 -2.1 9.8 9.6 0.2 0.8
Quality of the Home Environment and Parenting: Overall and Physical Environment
Home Observation
for Measurement
of the Environment (HOME) Total Score		 27.3 26.4 0.9 18.8 27.0 26.4 0.6 11.3 28.3 28.1 0.2 3.5
HOME Internal Physical Environment 7.7 7.5 0.1 8.6 7.7 7.8 -0.1 -3.7 8.0 8.0 -0.0 -1.6
Parenting Behavior: Emotional Support
HOME Warmth 2.6 2.4 0.1 15.4 2.4 2.3 0.1 9.3 2.7 2.7 -0.0 -0.8
Supportiveness During Parent-Child Semistructured Play 4.1 4.0 0.1 8.9 4.0 3.8 0.2** 20.8 4.0 3.9 0.1** 15.5
Supportive Presence During Parent-Child Puzzle Challenge Task 4.5 4.5 -0.1 -4.2 4.4 4.2 0.2 14.7 4.6 4.5 0.1 7.3
Parenting Behavior: Stimulation of Language and Learning
Percentage of Children with a Regular Bedtime*** 58.7 57.0 1.8 3.6 59.3 62.4 -3.1 -6.2 59.3 55.6 3.6 7.4
Percentage of Children Who Follow a Bedtime Routine* 67.1 66.1 1.0 2.2 67.9 66.8 1.1 2.4 72.0 71.0 1.0 2.2
HOME: Support of Language and Learning 10.7 10.5 0.3 13.0 10.3 10.1 0.2 9.2 10.9 10.7 0.2 7.0
Parent-Child Play** 4.6 4.3 0.2* 25.7 4.4 4.2 0.2* 18.1 4.4 4.4 -0.1 -5.5
Quality of Assistance During Parent-Child Puzzle Challenge Task 3.6 3.5 0.0 3.7 3.6 3.3 0.3** 24.8 3.6 3.5 0.0 2.7
Percentage of Parents Who Read to Child Daily*** 57.9 50.8 7.0 14.1 59.0 45.0 14.0*** 28.0 54.5 55.7 -1.2 -2.4
Percentage of Parents Who Read to Child at Bedtime*** 30.6 32.4 -1.7 -3.8 36.7 30.8 5.9 13.0 29.6 25.8 3.8 8.4
Parenting Behavior: Negative Parenting Behavior
Detachment During Parent-Child Semistructured Play** 1.2 1.1 0.1 16.2 1.2 1.4 -0.2** -23.8 1.2 1.3 -0.1 -9.4
Intrusiveness During Parent-Child Semistructured Play 1.5 1.6 -0.1 -13.9 1.6 1.7 -0.0 -3.3 1.6 1.6 -0.1 -6.4
Detachment During Parent-Child Puzzle Challenge Task 1.6 1.6 0.0 4.7 1.7 1.9 -0.2 -16.4 1.6 1.6 -0.0 -3.5
Intrusiveness During Parent-Child Puzzle Challenge Task 2.8 2.7 0.1 4.3 2.8 2.9 -0.1 -10.8 2.5 2.6 -0.1 -8.7
Negative Regard During Parent-Child Semistructured Play 1.3 1.3 0.0 1.2 1.3 1.3 0.0 6.0 1.2 1.3 -0.1 -9.5
HOME Harshness 0.3 0.3 0.0 3.3 0.2 0.2 0.0 1.1 0.3 0.3 0.0 5.6
Percentage of Parents Who Spanked Child in the Past Week*** 51.4 61.0 -9.6 -19.2 46.6 57.6 -10.9** -21.9 44.1 49.6 -5.5 -10.9
Knowledge of Safety Practices and Discipline Strategies
Percentage of Parents Who Usually Use
a Car Seat Correctly***		 63.0 75.3 -12.3** -26.8 73.7 71.6 2.2 4.7 70.4 69.4 1.0 2.2
Percentage of Parents Suggesting Physical Punishment as a Discipline Strategy*** 52.0 60.6 -8.6 -17.2 43.9 53.5 -9.6** -19.2 44.9 44.5 0.4 0.8
Percentage of Parents Who Would Use Mild Discipline Only*** 36.8 30.9 5.9 11.9 49.2 39.1 10.1*** 20.5 45.8 45.9 -0.1 -0.2
Index of Severity of Discipline Strategies 3.6 3.9 -0.2 -14.0 3.2 3.6 -0.4*** -22.6 3.3 3.3 -0.0 -1.8
Parent Physical and Mental Health
Parent's Health Status 3.5 3.5 -0.0 -2.5 3.5 3.5 -0.1 -5.3 3.4 3.4 -0.1 -5.9
Parenting Stress
Index (PSI) Parental Distress		 23.9 25.0 -1.1 -11.7 24.8 25.9 -1.1 -11.2 24.9 26.3 -1.4** -14.4
PSI Parent-Child Dysfunctional Interaction 17.6 17.2 0.4 7.0 18.1 17.7 0.4 6.7 17.5 18.1 -0.6 -10.4
Center for Epidemiological
Studies Depression (CES-D; Short Form)		 7.3 7.1 0.2 2.6 7.2 7.8 -0.6 -8.2 7.7 7.9 -0.1 -1.8
CES-D Severe Depressive Symptoms*** 15.8 8.7 7.1* 19.8 14.2 15.3 -1.2 -3.2 14.4 16.1 -1.6 -4.5
Family Environment Scale (FES): Family Conflict 1.6 1.7 -0.1 -11.1 1.7 1.7 -0.0 -4.6 1.7 1.7 -0.0 -0.8
Father Presence
Currently Married to Biological Father*** 28.4 29.7 -1.2 -2.5 34.5 35.1 -0.6 -1.2 38.1 40.0 -1.9 -3.9
Biological Father is Currently Married to, Lives with, or is Boyfriend of Respondent*** 46.0 48.2 -2.2 -4.3 46.0 46.9 -0.9 -1.9 52.9 56.0 -3.1 -6.2
Biological Father Currently Present in Child's Life*** 75.9 71.9 4.0 8.9 70.6 68.7 1.9 4.3 72.9 75.7 -2.8 -6.3
Continuous Biological Father Presence
Child Age 14-36 Months***		 71.7 68.5 3.2 6.9 64.3 66.2 -1.9 -4.2 67.6 72.0 -4.5 -9.8
No Biological Father Presence Child
Age 14-36 Months***		 7.3 10.6 -3.3 -10.4 15.6 14.8 0.8 2.5 12.0 10.0 2.0 6.4
Continuous Male Presence Child
Age 14-36 Months***		 80.8 82.7 -1.9 -5.3 79.4 79.0 0.3 0.9 78.9 85.9 -7.0** -19.4
No Male Presence Child Age 14-36 Months*** 1.1 1.7 -0.6 -5.3 3.0 1.5 1.5 12.5 2.4 1.3 1.1 9.0
Sample Size
Bayley 217 172 389   266 257 523   396 350 746  
Parent Interview 254 211 465   351 344 695   502 448 950  
Parent-Child Interactions 227 181 408   251 255 506   396 348 744  
SOURCE: Parent interviews, child assessments, interviewer observations, and assessments of semistructured parent-child interactions conducted when children were approximately 36 months old.

NOTE: All estimates were calculated using regression models, where each site was weighted equally. Only sites with at least 10 program group members and 10 control group members in the subgroup are included in the estimates for each subgroup.

aA participant is defined as a program group member who received more than one Early Head Start home visit, met with an Early Head Start case manager more than once, received at least two weeks of Early Head Start center-based care, and/or participated in Early Head Start group parent-child activities. The control group mean is the mean for the control group members who would have participated in Early Head Start if they had instead been assigned to the program group. This unobserved mean is estimated as the difference between the program group mean for participants and the impact per participant.(back)

bThe estimated impact per participant is measured as the estimated impact per eligible applicant divided by the proportion of program group members who participated in Early Head Start services (which varied by site). The estimated impact per eligible applicant is measured as the difference between the regression-adjusted means for program and control group members.(back)

cThe effect size is calculated by dividing the estimated impact per participant by the standard deviation of the outcome measure for the control group times 100 (that is, it is the impact per participant expressed as a percentage of a standard deviation).(back)

dAsterisks next to variable names indicate significance levels for statistical tests of differences in impacts across the subgroups.(back)

*Significantly different from zero at the .10 level, two-tailed test.
**Significantly different from zero at the .05 level, two-tailed test.
***Significantly different from zero at the .01 level, two-tailed test.


TABLE E.VI.2

IMPACTS ON SELF-SUFFICIENCY AT 28 MONTHS, BY PROGRAM APPROACH IN 1997
  Center-Based Programs Mixed-Approach Programs Home-Based Programs
Outcome Program
Group
Participants		 Control
Groupa		 Impact
Estimate per
Participantb		 Effect
Sizec		 Program
Group
Participants		 Control
Groupa		 Impact
Estimate per
Participantb		 Effect
Sizec		 Program
Group
Participants		 Control
Groupa		 Impact
Estimate per
Participantb		 Effect
Sizec
Education/Job Training
Ever in Education or Training***d 65.1 61.5 3.6 7.2 65.1 51.3 13.8*** 27.7 53.1 45.5 7.6** 15.3
Ever in High School*** 13.1 11.6 1.5 5.2 15.1 10.6 4.6* 16.0 12.6 6.8 5.7*** 20.1
Ever in ESL Class*** 1.5 2.7 -1.3 -8.9 5.0 3.3 1.7 11.9 3.4 2.4 1.0 7.2
Ever in Vocational Program*** 19.3 17.9 1.5 3.9 22.7 17.6 5.1 13.6 18.2 15.7 2.5 6.6
Average Hours per Week in Education or Training 5.4 5.0 0.5 7.1 4.2 3.3 0.9* 14.5 4.5 3.0 1.6*** 24.3
In Education or Training:
1st Quarter*** 24.9 29.6 -4.6 -11.2 22.5 19.0 3.4 8.3 21.2 21.6 -0.4 -1.0
2nd Quarter*** 31.4 34.7 -3.3 -7.7 27.1 22.1 5.1 11.8 25.1 22.9 2.2 5.0
3rd Quarter*** 37.7 31.7 6.0 13.6 31.3 24.9 6.5* 14.7 28.2 26.5 1.7 3.8
4th Quarter*** 38.0 31.0 6.9 16.2 31.4 25.0 6.5* 15.1 27.1 22.5 4.6* 10.7
5th Quarter*** 35.5 30.2 5.2 12.1 29.8 27.1 2.8 6.4 28.6 22.9 5.8** 13.4
6th Quarter*** 34.3 27.8 6.5 15.6 27.5 23.2 4.4 10.5 28.7 21.3 7.4*** 17.9
7th Quarter*** 31.2 28.7 2.5 6.3 26.5 23.5 3.0 7.5 23.1 17.6 5.5** 13.7
8th Quarter*** 29.3 28.2 1.1 2.9 27.6 20.4 7.2* 18.4 24.3 15.6 8.7*** 22.1
Have High School Diploma *** 52.4 13.3 -0.5 -1.5 50.2 48.9 1.3 2.5 49.1 45.7 3.5 6.9
Have GED*** 12.8 56.9 -4.6 -9.1 10.1 8.4 1.7 5.5 8.5 11.5 -2.9 -9.2
Employment
Ever Employed*** 91.3 87.3 4.1 10.8 88.6 82.0 6.6** 17.5 83.1 81.8 1.3 3.5
Average Hours/Week Employed 21.6 21.3 0.3 2.1 16.8 15.6 1.2 7.9 14.8 15.1 -0.3 -2.0
Employed in:
1st Quarter*** 53.4 49.4 4.0 8.2 35.5 35.6 -0.1 -0.2 33.8 36.1 -2.2 -4.6
2nd Quarter*** 59.4 54.5 4.9 9.8 45.3 41.8 3.5 7.0 38.2 42.9 -4.7 -9.5
3rd Quarter*** 63.5 58.9 4.6 9.3 52.8 50.0 2.8 5.7 46.9 50.1 -3.3 -6.5
4th Quarter*** 66.4 63.3 3.1 6.2 56.4 52.6 3.8 7.6 51.9 51.7 0.2 0.3
5th Quarter*** 71.0 66.4 4.6 9.4 60.3 55.1 5.3 10.7 57.7 58.9 -1.2 -2.4
6th Quarter*** 71.3 66.7 4.7 9.5 62.3 55.5 6.8 13.8 61.7 58.2 3.5 7.0
7th Quarter*** 64.0 64.9 -0.9 -1.9 61.2 53.7 7.5* 15.1 57.5 55.0 2.4 4.9
8th Quarter*** 70.4 67.3 3.1 6.4 67.2 56.8 10.4** 21.3 55.9 59.9 -4.0 -8.1
Any Self-Sufficiency-Oriented Activity (Education, Training, or Employment)
Ever Employed or in Education/Training*** 97.7 94.6 3.1 10.1 95.6 90.1 5.5** 18.2 90.5 88.9 1.6 5.4
Average Hours per Week in Any Activity 28.2 26.8 1.4 8.9 21.3 19.2 2.1 13.6 19.9 18.5 1.3 8.5
In Activities in:
1st Quarter*** 68.0 67.9 0.1 0.2 51.0 48.1 3.0 5.9 47.3 48.4 -1.1 -2.2
2nd Quarter*** 78.9 72.8 6.1 12.3 61.8 54.1 7.7** 15.5 53.4 55.5 -2.1 -4.2
3rd Quarter*** 83.8 76.1 7.6* 16.1 70.4 63.3 7.1* 14.9 62.3 62.9 -0.6 -1.3
4th Quarter*** 86.1 75.9 10.2** 21.4 71.7 64.5 7.2* 15.0 65.2 61.6 3.6 7.6
5th Quarter*** 85.4 78.5 6.8 14.8 73.8 67.1 6.7* 14.5 69.6 67.9 1.7 3.6
6th Quarter*** 88.2 76.3 12.0** 25.5 74.5 65.7 8.8** 18.6 72.9 66.4 6.5** 13.9
7th Quarter*** 81.1 76.1 5.0 10.5 71.7 64.1 7.6* 16.0 66.4 62.7 3.7 7.6
8th Quarter*** 84.8 77.2 7.6 16.3 77.2 65.1 12.1*** 25.9 65.2 66.6 -1.4 -3.1
AFDC/TANF Receipt
Ever Received AFDC/TANF*** 32.7 28.6 4.1 8.2 46.8 45.7 1.1 2.2 55.2 52.5 2.7 5.5
Received AFDC/TANF in:
1st Quarter*** 21.4 18.2 3.2 6.9 32.9 29.6 3.3 7.0 42.2 29.4 2.7 5.8
2nd Quarter*** 28.1 17.8 3.4 7.1 34.5 32.4 2.1 4.5 41.9 42.4 -0.5 -1.1
3rd Quarter*** 19.1 20.8 -1.7 -3.5 36.9 33.0 3.9 8.1 46.2 43.9 2.3 4.7
4th Quarter*** 18.3 17.4 0.8 1.8 30.4 26.5 3.8 8.2 37.2 38.1 -0.9 -1.9
5th Quarter*** 18.0 14.7 3.3 7.2 30.0 27.0 3.0 6.5 36.0 37.8 -1.8 -3.9
6th Quarter*** 19.4 16.0 3.4 7.4 26.6 26.7 -0.0 -0.1<