Online Organization

Postpartum Support International (PSI)
927 N. Kellogg, Santa Barbara, CA  93111
Phone: 805.967.7636 
http://www.chss.iup.edu/postpartum/
         - OR -
http://www.postpartum.net/

This organization provides a social support network, information center, research guide, and an extensive bibliography concerning postpartum mood disorders and depression.  The organization's purpose is to increase awareness about the emotional changes women often experience during pregnancy and after the birth of a baby.  Coming soon, a PSI information brochure entitled, "Following Birth: Postpartum Mood Disorders" will be available on the web-site in multiple languages. 

Online Organization

Postpartum Education for Parents (PEP)
P.O. Box 6154
Santa Barbara, CA  93160
http://www.sbpep.org/

This organization, staffed by trained parent volunteers, was originally founded by a group of mothers to provide each other support following the births of their children.  It offers postpartum distress information and support as well as suggested reading.   

Online Newsletter

Stuart, S. (2000, Spring). EPSDT Care for Kids Newsletter, 7 (1).
http://www.medicine.uiowa.edu/uhs/EPSDT/spr00/index.cfm

This issue provides an overview of maternal depression from identification to treatment, including the following:

1) "The Identification of Postpartum Depression" by Scott Stuart, MD
2) "Treating Postpartum Depression" by Scott Stuart, MD
3) A fact sheet on maternal depression
4) A maternal mental health survey

Online Article/ Literature Review

Epperson, C. N. (1999, April 15). Postpartum major depression: Detection and treatment.American Family Physician
http://www.aafp.org/afp/990415ap/2247.html

This article discusses how to detect and assess postpartum major depression and reviews various treatments, including antidepressant medication and psychotherapy.  Contains a link to an informational brochure on maternal depression for parents-to-be.

Online Article/ Literature Review

Kruckman, L. & Smith, S. (1998).  An introduction to postpartum illness.  Postpartum Support International
http://www.chss.iup.edu/postpartum

This comprehensive literature overview covers historical perspectives, definitions, symptoms, theoretical causes, treatment and prevention.

Online Article

Field, T. (1998). Maternal depression could last a lifetime. Self-Help & Psychology Magazine.  Article available online at:
http://www.shpm.com/articles/parenting/matdep.html

This brief article discusses tell-tale signs of maternal depression, the impact resulted.

Article

Field, T. (1998). Maternal depression effects on infants and early interventions.  Preventive Medicine, 2, 200-203.

This article reviews recent research on the effects of maternal depression on neonates, newborns, early interactions and interaction styles, and discusses alternative interventions, such as massage therapy and coaching.

Book

Murray, L. & Cooper, P.J., Eds. (1997). Postpartum depression and child development. NY: Guilford.

This book includes an introduction to postpartum depressive disorders, and sections on mother-child interaction, child impact, chronicity and timing, treatment, and a review of postpartum psychosis. 

Impact on child

Beardslee, W.R., Keller, M.B., Lavori, P.W., Staley, J., & Sacks, N.  (1993, July). The impact of parental affective disorder on depression in offspring: A longitudinal follow-up in a nonreferred sample. Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, 32 (4), 723-728.

Impact on child behavior rating

Boyle, M., & Andrew, R. (1997, October). Influence of maternal depressive symptoms on ratings of childhood behavior. Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology, 25 (5), 399-414.

Impact on child behavior rating

Briggs-Gowan, M.J, Carter, A.S., & Schwab-Stone, M. (1996, December). Discrepancies among mother, child, and teacher reports: Examining the contributions of maternal depression and anxiety. Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology, 24 (6), 749-766.

Relation to marital affection

Bromberger, J.T., Wisner, K.L., & Hanusa, B.H. (1994, January). Marital support and remission of treated depression: A prospective pilot study of mothers of infants and toddlers. Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease, 182 (1), 40-44.

Relation to childhood abuse and parenting

Buist, A. (1998, June).  Childhood abuse, postpartum depression and parenting difficulties: a literature review of associations. Australian and New Zealand Journal of Psychiatry, 32 (3), 370-378.

Impact of chronicity

Campbell, S.B., Cohn, J.F., & Meyers, T. (1995). Depression in first-time mothers: Mother-infant interaction and depression chronicity. Developmental Psychology, 115  (31), 349-357.

Intervention (Head Start Experience)

Chalkley, M.A.,  Leik, R.K., Duane, G., & Keiser, K. (1997, Spring). Enhancing resilience: The role of Head Start and cultural context in mitigating the long term impact of maternal depression on children. National Head Start Association Research Quarterly, 1 (2), 5-27.

Relation to psychosocial factors

DaCosta, D., Larouche, J., Drista, M., & Brender, W. (2000). Psychosocial correlates of prepartum and postpartum depressed mood. Journal of Affective Disorders, 59 (1), 31-40.

Impact on child behavior rating

Fergusson, D.M., Lynskey, M.T., & Horwood, L.J. (1993, June). The effect of maternal depression on maternal ratings of child behavior. Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology, 21 (3), 245.

Relation to depression in offspring

Ferro, T., Verdeli, H., Pierre, F., & Weissman, M.M. (2000, March). Screening for depression in mothers bringing their offspring for evaluation or treatment of depression.  American Journal of Psychiatry, 157 (3), 375-379.

Impact of chronicity and severity

Frankel, K.K., & Harmon, R.J. (1996, March). Depressed mothers: They don't always look as bad as they feel. Journal of the American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry, 35 (3), 289-298.

Treatment implications

Gelfand, D.M., Teti, D.M., Seiner, S.A., Jameson, P.B. (1996, December). Helping mothers fight depression: Evaluation of a home-based intervention program for depressed mothers and their infants. Journal of Clinical Child Psychology, 25 (4), 406-422.

Impact on child and parenting style

Hart, S., Jones, N.A., Field, T., & Lundy, B. (1999, Winter). One-year-old infants of intrusive and withdrawn depressed mothers. Child Psychiatry and Human Development, 30 (2), 111-120.

Relation to poor health and low-income

Heneghan, A.M., Silver, E.J., Bauman, L.J., Westbrook, L.E., & Stein, R.E.K. (1998). Depressive symptoms in inner-city mothers of young children: Who is at risk? Pediatrics, 102 (6), 1394-1400.

Impact on child (newborns)

Jones, N.A., Field, T., Fox, N.A., Davalos, M., Lundy, B., & Hart, S. (1998). Newborns of mothers with depressive symptoms are physiologically less developed. Infant Behavior and Development, 21, 537-541.

Impact on child (infants)

Jones, N.A., Field, T., Fox, N.A., Davalos, M., Malphurs, J., Carraway, K., Schanberg, S., & Kuhn, C. (1997). Infants of intrusive and withdrawn mothers. Infant Behavior and Development, 20, 177-189.

Prevalence/ incidence of depression and other psychiatric disorders

Kessler, R.C., McGonagle, K.A., Zhao, S., Nelson, C.B., Hughes, M., Eshleman, S., Wittchen, H.U., & Kendler, K.S. (1994, January).  Lifetime and 12-month prevalence of DSM-III-R psychiatric disorders in the United States: Results from the National Comorbidity Study.  Archives of General Psychiatry, 51, 8-19.

Relation to abuse and social support

Kinard, E.M. (1996, July). Social support, competence, and depression in mothers of abused-children. American Journal of Orthopsychiatry, 66 (3), 449-462. 

Predictors

Lane, A., Keville, R., Morris, M., Kinsella, A., Turner, M., & Barry, S. (1997). Postnatal depression and elation among mothers and their partners: Prevalence and predictors. British Journal of  Psychiatry, 171, 550-555.

Relation to socioeconomic factors

Lanzi, R.G., Pascoe, J.M., Keltner, B., & Ramey, S.L. (1999, August). Correlates of maternal depressive symptoms in a national Head Start sample. Archives of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, 153 (8), 801-807.

Relation to self-esteem, social support (specifically mothers of preterm infants)

Logsdon, M.C., Davis, D.W., Birkimer, J.C., & Wilkerson, S.A. (1997, March). Predictors of depression in mothers of preterm infants. Journal of Social Behavior and Personality, 12 (1), 73-88.

Impact on child (neonates)

Lundy, B., Jones, N.A., Field, T., Nearing, G., Davalos, M., Pietro, P., Schanberg, S., & Kuhn, C. (1999). Prenatal depression effects on neonates. Infant Behavior and Development, 22, 121-137.

Comorbidity and passing on of alcoholism, anxiety, and depression to offspring

Merikangas, K.R., Risch, N.J., & Weissman, M.M. (1994).  Comorbidity and co-transmission of alcoholism, anxiety and depression. Psychological Medicine, 24, 69-80.

Familial nature of alcoholism, anxiety, and depression (and risks for offspring)

Merikangas, K.R., Weissman, M.M., Prusoff, B.A., & John, K. (1988, February).  Assortative mating and affective disorders: Psychopathology in offspring.  Psychiatry, 51, 48-57.

Impact on child, interactions, and attachment

Murray, L., Fiori-Cowley, A., Hooper, R., & Cooper, P. (1996, October). The impact of postnatal depression and associated adversity on early mother-infant interactions and later infant outcome. Child Development, 67 (5), 2512-2526.

Impact on child

Murray, L., Hipwell, A., & Hooper, R. (1996). The cognitive-development of 5-year-old children of postnatally depressed mothers. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry and Allied Disciplines, 37 (8), 927-935.

Impact on child/ Impact of timing

Murray, L., Sinclair, D., Cooper, P., Ducournau, P., & Turner, P. (1999). The socioemotional development of 5-year-old children of postnatally depressed mothers. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry and Allied Disciplines, 40 (8), 1259-1271.

Chronicity/ Duration

Najman, J.M., Andersen, M.J., Bor, W., Ocallaghan, M.J., & Williams, G.M. (2000, January). Postnatal depression-myth and reality: Maternal depression before and after the birth of a child. Social Psychiatry and Psychiatric Epidemiology, 35 (1), 19-27.

Relation to family functioning

Shiner, R.L., & Marmorstein, N.R. (1998, November). Family environments of adolescents with lifetime depression: Associations with maternal depression history. Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, 37 (11), 1152-1160.

Impact on child and child behaviors

Sinclair, D., & Murray, L. (1998, January). Effects of postnatal depression on children's adjustment to school. Teacher's reports. British Journal of Psychiatry, 172, 58-63.

Relation to stress and coping

Soliday, E., McCluskey-Fawcett, K., O'Brien, M. (1999). Postpartum affect and depressive symptoms in mothers and fathers.   American Journal of Orthopsychiatry, 69 (1), 30-38.

Relation to immigration factors

Vega, W., Kolody, B., Valle, R., Hough, R. (1986). Depressive symptoms and their correlates among immigrant Mexican women in the U.S. Social Science Medicine, 22 (6), 645-652.

Relation to childhood abuse

Wexler, B.E., Lyons, L., Lyons, H., & Mazure, C.M. (1997, August).  Physical and sexual abuse during childhood and development of psychiatric illnesses during adulthood. Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease, 185 (8), 522-524. 

Impact on child behavior attributions

White, C., & Barrowclough, C. (1998, November). Depressed and non-depressed mothers with problematic preschoolers: Attributions for child behaviours. British Journal of Clinical Psychology, 37 (4), 385-398.

Relation to depression in offspring

Windle, M., & Dumenci, L. (1998). An investigation of maternal and adolescent depressed mood using a latent trait-state model. Journal of Research on Adolescence, 8 (4), 461-84.

Impact on child behavior problems

Beck, C.T. (1999, March).  Maternal depression and child behavior problems: A meta-analysis.  Journal of Advanced Nursing, 29 (3), 623-629.

Impact on parenting

Lovejoy, M.C., Graczyk, P.A., O'Hare, E.,  & Neuman, G. (2000, August). Maternal depression and parenting behavior: A meta-analytic review. Clinical Psychology Review, 20 (5), 561-592.