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Appendix 8.1: Parenting Practices Domain, Estimated Impact of Program Participation

Exhibits A.8.1.1 and A.8.1.2 provide impact estimates that are adjusted for the fact that some of the children assigned to Head Start failed to take advantage of this opportunity—i.e., they never participated in Head Start (the “no shows”)-and that some children assigned to the non-Head Start group managed to find their way into the program. With the exception of one instance (the number of times a child is spanked), all measures of the impact of participation in Head Start exceed the corresponding measures of the average impact of access to Head Start, regardless of which adjustment method is used. For example, the first row of Exhibit A.8.1.1 shows an estimated impact of 0.17 on the extent of parents’ reading to their child for the average child in the 3-year-old group granted access to the program through assignment to the Head Start research sample. A larger average impact of 0.19-0.20 is shown for those children who actually attended Head Start. These same increases are again seen in the relationship between the calculated effect sizes for the estimates of “access” vs. “participation.”

These data provide an indication of the dampening effect of the crossover children in the non-Head Start group, i.e., reducing the size of any observed difference in outcomes between the Head Start and non-Head Start groups. But, again, the combined no-show/crossover adjustments should only be used as a rough indication of the likely consequences of the presence of crossovers on the interpretation of the impact of Head Start on children’s school readiness.

Exhibit A.8.1.1: Initial Estimates of the Impact of Head Start on Parenting Outcomes, Intent to Treat, and Impact on the Treated: Statistically Significant Results Only, 3-Year-Old Group, Combined English-English and Spanish-English Group (Weighted Data)
Outcome Measure Impact Estimates Effect Sizes
Impact of Access to Head Start Impact of Head Start Participation, No-Show Adjustment Impact of Head Start Participation, Combined No-Show and Crossover Adjustment Impact of Access to Head Start Impact of Head Start Participation, No-Show Adjustment Impact of Head Start Participation, Combined No-Show and Crossover Adjustment
Overall Impact Number of Times Child Is Read To 0.17** 0.19** 0.20** 0.18 0.20 0.22
Family Cultural Enrichment Scale 0.15* 0.17* 0.16* 0.11 0.12 0.11
Spanked Child in Last Week -0.07* -0.08* -0.07 -0.14 -0.16 -0.14
Number Time Spanked Child in Last Week -0.16* -0.18* -0.12 -0.10 -0.11 -0.08
Difference in Impact 1 Spanked Child in Last Week (Teen Mom Impact Exceeds Not Teen Mom) 0.16** 0.18** N/A 0.32 0.36 N/A
Spanked Child in Last Week: Depression -0.07* -0.18* N/A -0.14 -0.16 N/A
Number of Times Spanked Child: Depression 0.01* 0.01* N/A 0.01 0.01 N/A
Parental Safety Practices Scale: Home Language (English Impact Exceeds Not English) 0.09* 0.10* N/A 0.27 0.30 N/A
Safety Devices Subscale (English Impact Exceeds Not English) 0.22* 0.25* N/A 0.29 0.33 N/A
Impact on Subgroup 2 Number of Times Child Is Read To: Not Teen Mom 0.16* 0.18* N/A 0.17 0.19 N/A
Number of Times Child Is Read To: Female 0.23* 0.25* N/A 0.25 0.27 N/A
Number of Times Child Is Read To: White 0.27* 0.31* N/A 0.29 0.33 N/A
Number of Times Child Is Read To: Parent Married 0.28** 0.31** N/A 0.30 0.33 N/A
Number of Times Child Is Read To: Home Language is English 0.19** 0.22* N/A 0.20 0.24 N/A
Family Cultural Enrichment Scale: Not Teen Mom 0.23** 0.26* N/A 0.16 0.19 N/A
Family Cultural Enrichment Scale: Male 0.28* 0.33* N/A 0.20 0.24 N/A
Family Cultural Enrichment Scale: Black 0.24* 0.27* N/A 0.17 0.19 N/A
Number of Time Outs in Last Week: Female -0.32* -0.35* N/A -0.17 -0.18 N/A
Spanked Child in Last Week: Teen Mom -0.17*** -0.19** N/A -0.34 -0.38 N/A
Spanked Child in Last Week: Male -0.11* -0.12* N/A -0.22 -0.24 N/A
Spanked Child in Last Week: Home Language English -0.10* -0.11* N/A -0.20 -0.22 N/A
Spanked Child in Last Week: Parent Married -0.11* -0.13* N/A -0.22 -0.26 N/A
Number of Times Spanked Child: Teen Mom -0.36* -0.41* N/A -0.23 -0.26 N/A
Number of Times Spanked Child: Black -0.35* -0.39* N/A -0.22 -0.25 N/A
Number of Times Spanked Child: Home Language English -0.25** -0.28** N/A -0.16 -0.18 N/A

* = p≤0.05, ** = p≤0.01, *** = p≤0.001.

1 A total of 80 differences in impacts between subgroups were examined. The complete set of results, including differences not found to be statistically significant, appears in Appendix 8.2. Findings for baseline factors other than depression indicate the amount by which Head Start’s estimated impact for the first subset of participants listed in the row label exceeds that for the second subset listed. Findings for depression indicate the change in Head Start’s estimated impact that accompanies a 1-point increase in mother’s baseline depression score. (back)

2 A total of 110 subgroup impacts were examined. The complete set of results, including differences not found to be statistically significant, appears in Appendix 8.2. (back)


Exhibit A.8.1.2: Initial Estimates of the Impact of Head Start on Parenting Outcomes, Intent to Treat, and Impact on the Treated: Statistically Significant Results Only, 4-Year-Old Group, Combined English-English and Spanish-English Group (Weighted Data)
Outcome Measure Impact Estimates Effect Sizes
Impact of Access to Head Start Impact of Head Start Participation, No-Show Adjustment Impact of Head Start Participation, Combined No-Show and Crossover Adjustment Impact of Access to Head Start Impact of Head Start Participation, No-Show Adjustment Impact of Head Start Participation, Combined No-Show and Crossover Adjustment
Overall Impact Number of Times Child Is Read To 0.13** 0.16** 0.19* 0.13 0.16 0.19
Difference in Impact 1 Spanked Child in Last Week: Gender (Female Impact Exceeds Male) 0.15* 0.18* N/A 0.31 0.37 N/A
Used Time Out in Last Week: Depression -0.09* -0.11 N/A -0.19 -0.23 N/A
Impact on Subgroup 2 Number of Times Child Is Read To: Not Teen Mom 0.18* 0.22* N/A 0.18 0.22 N/A
Family Cultural Enrichment Scale: Hispanic 0.22* 0.25* N/A 0.15 0.17 N/A
Used Time Out in Last Week: Not Teen Mom -0.12* -0.14* N/A -0.26 -0.30 N/A
Used Time Out in Last Week: Male -0.12* -0.15* N/A -0.26 -0.32 N/A
Used Time Out in Last Week: White -0.11** -0.13** N/A -0.23 -0.28 N/A
Used Time Out in Last Week: Parent Not Married -0.08* -0.09* N/A -0.17 -0.19 N/A
Used Time Out in Last Week: Home Language English -0.11** -0.14** N/A -0.23 -0.30 N/A
Safety Devices Subscale: Home Language Not English 0.22* 0.24* N/A 0.29 0.31 N/A

* = p≤0.05, ** = p≤0.01, *** = p≤0.001.

1 A total of 80 differences in impacts between subgroups were examined. The complete set of results, including differences not found to be statistically significant, appears in Appendix 8.2. Findings for depression indicate the change in Head Start’s estimated impact that accompanies a 1-point increase in mother’s baseline depression score. Findings for baseline factors other than depression indicate the amount by which Head Start’s estimated impact for the first subset of participants listed in the row label exceeds that for the second subset listed. (back)

2 A total of 110 subgroup impacts were examined. The complete set of results, including differences not found to be statistically significant, appears in Appendix 8.2. (back)


 

 

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