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Appendix D: Comparison of Fall 2002 for Head Start Treatment and Non-Head Start Control Group Children: Weighted and Un-weighted Data
To allow readers to understand the effect of weighting on the subsequent analysis of the impact of Head Start, Table D1 compares the Head Start treatment and non-Head Start control groups using three different weights: (1) using unweighted data; (2) weighted to reflect each child’s overall probability of selection (Child Base Weights); and (3) using weights that are adjusted, or raked,35 for nonresponse to the Parent Interview to restore the weighted distribution to that of the original sample (Final Child Weights).
In Table D1, the distribution of Parent Interview respondents (“Final Child Weights”) closely matches that of the original sample (“Child Base Weights”) with the exception of the percent Hispanic/Spanish speaking and percent White/English speaking children. This is because the raking adjustment was used to improve the reliability of the survey estimates and to correct for bias due to undercoverage. The weights of Hispanic children was reduced and those of White children slightly increased, so that the weighted sample distribution matches the PIR with respect to total enrollment by race/ethnicity. However, none of the differences in Exhibit D1 are statistically significant (p > .13 for all comparisons).
| Characteristic | Treatment Group (%) | Control Group (%) | Treatment and Control Groups Combined (%) | ||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Unweighted | Child Base Weights | Final Child Weights1 | Unweighted | Child Base Weights | Final Child Weights | Unweighted | Child Base Weights | Final Child Weights | |
| Child's Age2: | |||||||||
| 3-Year Old | 60.9 | 59.6 | 60.1 | 61.0 | 59.5 | 60.7 | 60.9 | 59.5 | 60.4 |
| 4-year-old | 38.8 | 40.3 | 39.8 | 38.9 | 40.4 | 39.2 | 38.9 | 40.3 | 39.5 |
| Missing | 0.3 | 0.1 | 0.1 | 0.1 | 0.1 | 0.1 | 0.2 | 0.1 | 0.1 |
| Child's Gender: | |||||||||
| Boys | 50.1 | 49.8 | 49.5 | 50.0 | 48.5 | 49.4 | 50.1 | 49.2 | 49.5 |
| Girls | 49.9 | 50.2 | 50.5 | 50.0 | 51.5 | 50.6 | 49.9 | 50.8 | 50.5 |
| Child's Race/Ethnicity: | |||||||||
| Hispanic | 41.1 | 44.3 | 40.2 | 41.2 | 46.0 | 40.5 | 41.1 | 45.1 | 40.3 |
| Black | 28.6 | 25.0 | 24.8 | 27.3 | 23.3 | 23.7 | 28.1 | 24.2 | 24.2 |
| White | 24.4 | 25.3 | 28.7 | 24.9 | 23.5 | 28.3 | 24.6 | 24.5 | 28.5 |
| Other | 5.7 | 5.2 | 6.1 | 6.6 | 7.2 | 7.6 | 6.0 | 6.1 | 6.8 |
| Missing | 0.3 | 0.2 | 0.2 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.2 | 0.1 | 0.1 |
| Home Language: | |||||||||
| English | 66.2 | 64.2 | 67.0 | 65.5 | 59.9 | 64.0 | 65.9 | 62.2 | 65.5 |
| Spanish | 30.4 | 31.9 | 28.6 | 30.1 | 34.8 | 30.1 | 30.3 | 33.3 | 29.4 |
| Other | 2.5 | 3.0 | 3.3 | 3.2 | 4.1 | 4.6 | 2.8 | 3.5 | 3.9 |
| Presence of Child Disability: | |||||||||
| Yes | 14.2 | 13.5 | 13.7 | 11.8 | 12.5 | 12.4 | 13.3 | 13.0 | 13.1 |
| No | 85.8 | 86.5 | 86.3 | 88.2 | 87.5 | 87.6 | 86.7 | 87.0 | 86.9 |
| Mother's Age | |||||||||
| Less than 18-years old | 0.2 | 0.1 | 0.1 | 0.1 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.1 | 0.1 | 0.1 |
| 18 - 21 years old | 10.0 | 8.9 | 9.1 | 10.9 | 9.1 | 9.5 | 10.4 | 9.0 | 9.3 |
| 22 - 25 years old | 29.5 | 28.4 | 28.2 | 26.9 | 27.3 | 27.1 | 28.5 | 27.9 | 27.7 |
| 26 - 30 years old | 27.9 | 28.0 | 28.2 | 30.5 | 31.6 | 31.6 | 28.9 | 29.7 | 29.9 |
| 31 years or older | 31.1 | 32.9 | 32.5 | 29.0 | 28.7 | 28.7 | 30.3 | 31.0 | 30.6 |
| Missing | 1.3 | 1.7 | 1.8 | 2.6 | 3.2 | 3.1 | 1.8 | 2.4 | 2.4 |
| Mother's Race | |||||||||
| Hispanic | 39.8 | 42.7 | 38.5 | 39.4 | 44.7 | 38.5 | 39.6 | 43.6 | 38.5 |
| Black | 28.5 | 24.7 | 24.5 | 26.8 | 23.3 | 23.9 | 27.9 | 24.0 | 24.2 |
| White | 27.1 | 27.5 | 30.9 | 29.2 | 27.2 | 32.4 | 27.9 | 27.3 | 31.6 |
| Other | 4.3 | 4.6 | 5.5 | 4.1 | 4.5 | 4.9 | 4.3 | 4.6 | 5.2 |
| Missing | 0.3 | 0.5 | 0.6 | 0.4 | 0.3 | 0.3 | 0.4 | 0.4 | 0.5 |
| Mother's Education | |||||||||
| No HS Diploma or GED | 36.4 | 35.3 | 34.5 | 37.8 | 36.4 | 35.3 | 36.9 | 35.8 | 34.9 |
| GED | 6.0 | 5.0 | 5.5 | 6.1 | 6.1 | 6.4 | 6.0 | 5.6 | 6.0 |
| HS Diploma | 27.4 | 28.4 | 28.6 | 26.1 | 28.1 | 27.1 | 26.9 | 28.2 | 27.8 |
| Some Postsecondary, | 21.6 | 22.0 | 22.4 | 20.9 | 21.3 | 22.5 | 21.3 | 21.7 | 22.5 |
| No Degree | |||||||||
| Associate's Degree | 3.7 | 3.6 | 3.7 | 3.9 | 3.6 | 4.0 | 3.8 | 3.6 | 3.8 |
| Bachelor's Degree | 3.4 | 3.8 | 3.4 | 2.8 | 2.7 | 2.6 | 3.2 | 3.3 | 3.0 |
| Graduate school/degree | 0.8 | 1.0 | 1.1 | 0.9 | 0.8 | 1.0 | 0.9 | 0.9 | 1.0 |
| Missing | 0.8 | 0.9 | 0.9 | 1.4 | 1.1 | 1.2 | 1.0 | 0.9 | 1.0 |
| Mother's Employment Status | |||||||||
| Full-time | 31.7 | 31.4 | 30.8 | 30.9 | 31.2 | 31.1 | 31.4 | 31.3 | 31.0 |
| Part-time | 14.8 | 14.9 | 15.1 | 15.7 | 18.0 | 17.2 | 15.1 | 16.4 | 16.1 |
| Other | 47.8 | 48.1 | 48.1 | 47.7 | 46.1 | 46.7 | 47.8 | 47.2 | 47.4 |
| Missing | 5.7 | 5.6 | 5.9 | 5.8 | 4.7 | 4.9 | 5.7 | 5.2 | 5.4 |
| Mother's Marital Status | |||||||||
| Married | 42.9 | 44.6 | 44.9 | 45.3 | 48.0 | 48.0 | 43.8 | 46.2 | 46.4 |
| Separated | 8.1 | 7.7 | 7.7 | 8.6 | 7.9 | 7.9 | 8.3 | 7.8 | 7.8 |
| Divorced | 8.1 | 7.9 | 8.4 | 7.4 | 7.5 | 7.4 | 7.8 | 7.8 | 7.9 |
| Widowed | 0.6 | 0.7 | 0.7 | 0.3 | 0.3 | 0.3 | 0.5 | 0.5 | 0.5 |
| Never Married | 39.5 | 38.0 | 37.4 | 37.7 | 35.5 | 35.7 | 38.8 | 36.8 | 36.6 |
| Missing | 0.8 | 1.1 | 0.9 | 0.8 | 0.7 | 0.8 | 0.8 | 0.9 | 0.8 |
| Monthly Household Income | |||||||||
| $250 or less | 2.5 | 2.4 | 2.3 | 2.0 | 1.5 | 1.4 | 2.3 | 2.0 | 1.9 |
| 251 - 500 | 6.7 | 5.9 | 5.7 | 7.1 | 6.0 | 6.1 | 6.8 | 5.9 | 5.9 |
| 501 - 1000 | 17.8 | 18.0 | 17.6 | 16.2 | 17.9 | 16.9 | 17.2 | 17.9 | 17.2 |
| 1001 - 1500 | 16.5 | 16.5 | 16.6 | 18.6 | 16.3 | 17.0 | 17.3 | 16.4 | 16.8 |
| 1501 - 2000 | 11.8 | 12.1 | 11.8 | 11.6 | 12.6 | 12.6 | 11.7 | 12.3 | 12.2 |
| 2001 - 2500 | 6.1 | 6.5 | 6.8 | 4.6 | 5.4 | 5.1 | 5.5 | 6.0 | 6.0 |
| More than $2500 | 6.9 | 7.6 | 7.7 | 7.6 | 8.3 | 8.6 | 7.2 | 7.9 | 8.1 |
| Missing | 31.7 | 31.1 | 31.5 | 32.4 | 32.0 | 32.2 | 32.0 | 31.5 | 31.8 |
| Receives Public Assistance? | |||||||||
| Yes | 55.2 | 53.7 | 53.5 | 56.4 | 51.8 | 51.9 | 55.6 | 52.8 | 52.7 |
| No | 44.4 | 45.8 | 45.9 | 43.1 | 47.8 | 47.8 | 43.9 | 46.8 | 46.8 |
| Missing | 0.4 | 0.5 | 0.6 | 0.5 | 0.3 | 0.3 | 0.5 | 0.4 | 0.5 |
| 1Distribution based on children with completed
parent interviews.(back) 23-year-olds includes a few 2-year-olds and 4-year-olds includes a few 5-year-olds.(back) |
35These weights have been raked to PIR total enrollment by race/ethnicity, and trimmed to reduce the impact on variances of a few extremely large outlier weights. Raking or iterative proportional fitting is when weights are consecutively ratio-adjusted to marginal control totals of the population until the resulting weights converge to the totals for each dimension. In other words, raking ensures that the estimated totals match as closely as possible to known population totals. (back)
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