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Welfare Time Limits:
State Policies, Implementation, and Effects on Families
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Chapter One: Introduction
The Evolution of Time Limits Before 1996
Time Limits Under the 1996 Welfare Reform Law
Other Welfare Reform Policies That Interact with
Time Limits
Key Questions About Time Limits
About the Project and This Report
Chapter Two: What Are the States’
Time-Limit Policies?
Key Findings
Features of Time-Limit Policies
Exemption and Extension Criteria
Structuring the State’s System of Funding Assistance
Approaching the Time Limit
The Process for Determining the Outcome of Cases Reaching the Time Limit
Chapter Three: How Many Families Are Reaching
Time Limits?
Key Findings
Accumulating Months of Federal TANF Assistance
What Happens to Families Who Reach the Federal Time Limit?
What Happens to Families Who Reach a Shorter State Time Limit?
How Many Families Have Lost TANF Benefits Due to Time Limits?
Chapter Four: The Implementation of
Time Limits
Key Findings
Communicating the Time-Limit Message
Exemptions from Time Limits
Working with Cases Approaching the Time Limit
Benefit Extensions
After the Time Limit
Chapter Five: How Time Limits Affect
Employment, Welfare Receipt, and Other Outcomes
Key Findings
Measuring the Impacts of Time Limits
Anticipatory Effects of Time Limits
Effects After Families Reach Time Limits
Chapter Six: How Are Families Faring
After Time Limits?
Key Findings
Who Loses Benefits Because of Time Limits?
Post-Time Limit Outcomes: State-to-State Comparisons
Before-After Comparisons
Time-Limit Leavers Compared with Other Leavers
Appendices
A. Supplemental Data from the Survey of States
B. Profiles of the States Discussed in Chapter 4
C. Background Information on the Leaver Studies Cited in Chapter 6
D. Additional Reports and Studies
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