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Appendix E: Supplementary Tables and Figures

The Employment Retention and Advancement Project

Appendix Table E.1

Impacts on Quarterly UI-Covered Employment and Earnings for the Report Sample and Early Cohort, by City

Texas
  Outcome ERA Group Control Group Difference (Impact)
Corpus Christi Report sample a Ever employed (%) Quarter of random assignment 49.5 50.6 -1.0
Q2 52.3 48.9 3.4
Q3 53.2 50.4 2.8
Q4 53.6 50.1 3.5
Q5 53.8 49.6 4.2
Q6 53.4 51.1 2.3
Q7 53.2 52.9 0.3
Q8 52.6 51.1 1.5
Q9 54.4 49.1 5.3 **
Earnings ($) Quarter of random assignment 536 523 13
Q2 791 755 36
Q3 998 894 105
Q4 1,061 920 141 *
Q5 1,078 1,018 60
Q6 1,113 1,057 56
Q7 1,153 1,117 36
Q8 1,198 1,167 31
Q9 1,215 1,144 71
Sample size (total = 1,309) 656 653  
Early cohort b Ever employed (%) Quarter of random assignment 52.8 50.8 2.1
Q2 55.4 48.7 6.8 *
Q3 56.2 50.3 5.9
Q4 54.1 52.4 1.7
Q5 56.2 48.2 8.1 **
Q6 52.5 49.9 2.5
Q7 54.6 51.1 3.5
Q8 52.2 51.4 0.9
Q9 54.9 48.3 6.6 *
Q10 53.4 45.1 8.3 **
Q11 51.6 44.4 7.2 *
Q12 50.4 42.0 8.4 **
Q13 52.2 42.4 9.8 ***
Earnings ($) Quarter of random assignment 585 550 36
Q2 788 695 92
Q3 1,016 821 195 *
Q4 1,074 843 231 **
Q5 1,049 973 76
Q6 1,075 977 98
Q7 1,091 1,051 40
Q8 1,167 1,112 55
Q9 1,156 999 157
Q10 1,116 1,019 98
Q11 1,214 1,030 184
Q12 1,257 1,025 232 *
Q13 1,152 1,014 138
Sample size (total = 668) 337 331  
Fort Worth Report sample a Ever employed (%) Quarter of random assignment 45.6 44.2 1.3
Q2 47.5 46.1 1.4
Q3 51.4 48.4 3.0
Q4 49.1 46.9 2.2
Q5 47.5 47.8 -0.3
Q6 49.4 45.9 3.6
Q7 47.9 47.1 0.8
Q8 46.5 45.9 0.6
Q9 48.5 44.4 4.1
Earnings ($) Quarter of random assignment 596 547 48
Q2 847 857 -9
Q3 1,132 1,055 77
Q4 1,250 1,136 114
Q5 1,224 1,233 -9
Q6 1,228 1,190 38
Q7 1,295 1,310 -15
Q8 1,368 1,213 155
Q9 1,448 1,212 237 **
Sample size (total = 1,163) 577 586  
Early cohort b Ever employed (%) Quarter of random assignment 47.7 45.3 2.4
Q2 49.5 46.4 3.1
Q3 54.8 48.4 6.4 *
Q4 49.7 48.3 1.4
Q5 48.9 51.6 -2.6
Q6 48.5 48.2 0.3
Q7 47.4 48.1 -0.7
Q8 43.1 46.4 -3.3
Q9 44.3 44.4 -0.1
Q10 47.2 48.6 -1.4
Q11 47.1 45.6 1.5
Q12 46.8 41.8 5.0
Q13 47.5 43.9 3.6
Earnings ($) Quarter of random assignment 604 547 58
Q2 911 857 55
Q3 1,231 1,064 167
Q4 1,279 1,185 94
Q5 1,266 1,356 -90
Q6 1,186 1,238 -52
Q7 1,288 1,361 -73
Q8 1,348 1,277 71
Q9 1,437 1,338 98
Q10 1,360 1,362 -1
Q11 1,487 1,430 57
Q12 1,564 1,341 223
Q13 1,638 1,443 196
Sample size (total = 710) 347 363  
Houston Report sample c Ever employed (%) Q1 39.0 38.8 0.1
Q2 41.7 42.1 -0.4
Q3 42.9 45.8 -2.9
Q4 43.0 43.5 -0.5
Q5 42.7 42.2 0.5
Q6 44.5 40.6 3.9 *
Q7 44.2 40.8 3.4
Q8 42.3 40.8 1.5
Q9 40.0 41.6 -1.6
Earnings ($) Quarter of random assignment 494 537 -43
Q2 732 755 -23
Q3 948 1,022 -74
Q4 1,028 1,017 11
Q5 1,084 1,073 11
Q6 1,144 1,066 78
Q7 1,134 1,104 30
Q8 1,113 1,095 18
Q9 1,087 1,177 -90
Sample size (total = 1,816) 904 912  
Early cohort c Ever employed (%) Quarter of random assignment 38.6 42.0 -3.3
Q2 40.8 44.8 -4.0
Q3 43.5 47.4 -3.9
Q4 40.4 41.0 -0.6
Q5 41.1 40.9 0.3
Q6 41.8 36.9 4.8
Q7 43.2 42.1 1.1
Q8 39.9 38.8 1.1
Q9 41.3 40.7 0.6
Q10 40.2 41.6 -1.4
Q11 39.7 40.5 -0.8
Q12 40.4 40.2 0.2
Q13 41.8 36.9 5.0
Earnings ($) Quarter of random assignment 547 574 -28
Q2 691 771 -80
Q3 935 1,065 -130
Q4 997 941 56
Q5 972 960 12
Q6 1,025 903 121
Q7 1,103 1,061 42
Q8 1,112 1,036 76
Q9 1,070 1,048 22
Q10 1,158 1,061 97
Q11 1,071 1,088 -16
Q12 1,084 1,157 -73
Q13 1,220 1,056 164
Sample size (total = 673) 340 333  
SOURCES: MDRC calculations from UI, TANF, and food stamps administrative records from the State of Texas.

NOTES: See Appendix B.

This table includes only employment and earnings in jobs covered by the Texas unemployment insurance (UI) program. It does not include employment outside Texas or in jobs not covered by UI (for example, "off-the-books" jobs, some agricultural jobs, and federal government jobs).

a Corpus Christi and Fort Worth report sample members were randomly assigned from October 2000 to June 2002.

b Corpus Christi and Fort Worth early cohort members were randomly assigned from October 2000 to June 2001.

c Houston report sample members were randomly assigned from March 2001 to June 2002, and early cohort members for this site were randomly assigned from March to June 2001.

The Employment Retention and Advancement Project

Appendix Table E.2

Impacts on Household Income and Composition

Texas
Outcome Corpus Christi Fort Worth Houston
ERA Group Control Group Difference (Impact) ERA Group Control Group Difference (Impact) ERA Group Control Group Difference (Impact)
Household income Percentage with each income source (%) Own earnings 62.4 59.0 3.4 49.5 47.3 2.2 41.7 41.2 0.5
Earnings of other members 36.9 28.8 8.1 35.1 27.8 7.4 27.0 25.5 1.6
Child support 20.9 16.5 4.4 17.9 10.0 7.9 14.5 16.6 -2.1
Public assistance   78.8 77.8 1.1 74.0 70.8 3.2 71.8 73.7 -1.9
TANF 36.0 33.0 3.0 34.5 19.1 15.4 ** 44.0 40.8 3.2
Food stamps 71.4 73.3 -1.9 69.5 62.6 6.9 67.0 68.3 -1.3
SSI or disability 11.2 11.6 -0.5 12.6 13.0 -0.4 9.5 12.7 -3.2
Total household income in prior month ($) 1,242 1,076 165 1,251 1,077 174 961 1,066 -105
Percentage of household income that is respondent's (%) 72.0 74.9 -2.9 71.5 73.0 -1.5 70.6 68.8 1.8
Alternative household income a ($) 978 936 42 951 929 22 926 857 69
Household composition Number in household 4.0 3.8 0.1 4.1 4.0 12.0 4.0 4.1 -13.0
Ever married (%) 49.5 51.9 -2.4 44.7 35.3 9.3 41.2 34.8 6.4
Living with partner (%) 16.3 16.8 -0.4 7.3 6.6 0.7 7.1 8.4 -1.3
Current marital status (%) Married and living with spouse 6.1 8.3 -2.2 8.6 6.3 2.3 6.5 5.6 1.0
Separated or living apart from spouse 27.1 22.0 5.2 16.3 13.5 2.8 18.1 23.7 -5.7
Divorced 15.6 18.2 -2.6 17.9 14.1 3.9 15.6 5.2 10.4 ***
Widowed 0.5 2.2 -1.8 1.8 1.4 0.3 1.0 0.3 0.7
Sample size (total = 775) 141 149   92 96   150 147  
SOURCE: MDRC calculations from responses to the ERA 12-Month Survey.

NOTES: See Appendix D.

a This measure was created by combining administrative records data and respondent's earnings from the survey. It includes survey earnings or UI earnings where available, food stamps, AFDC, and estimated EITC income in the month prior to the survey.

The Employment Retention and Advancement Project

Appendix Table E.3

Impacts on Other Outcomes

Texas
Outcome Corpus Christi Fort Worth Houston
ERA Group Control Group Difference (Impact) ERA Group Control Group Difference (Impact) ERA Group Control Group Difference (Impact)
Health coverage Respondent has health coverage (%) a   78.3 79.6 -1.3 69.4 70.0 -0.6 80.3 77.2 3.1
Publicly funded 71.1 73.0 -2.0 62.0 59.3 2.7 76.0 73.4 2.6
Publicly funded and not on TANF or SSI 28.2 32.4 -4.2 27.7 34.9 -7.2 23.8 26.7 -2.9
Privately funded 11.9 7.5 4.4 7.4 12.7 -5.3 8.2 5.3 2.9
All dependent children have health care coverage (%) 86.2 89.6 -3.4 77.1 73.0 4.2 85.0 86.1 -1.1
All dependent children have health care coverage and respondent is not covered by TANF or SSI (%) 46.9 49.6 -2.8 43.2 50.3 -7.0 32.7 40.8 -8.0
Respondent and all children have health care coverage (%) 74.5 76.5 -1.9 65.8 56.8 9.0 76.4 75.8 0.7
Respondent and all children have health care coverage and respondent is not covered by TANF or SSI (%) 32.6 36.3 -3.7 31.6 33.3 -1.7 24.3 29.7 -5.4
Child care Ever used any child care in Year 1 (%) 54.0 48.2 5.8 41.4 44.7 -3.4 42.6 45.0 -2.5
Any informal child care (%) 8.1 7.1 1.1 3.3 7.2 -3.9 5.1 6.4 -1.3
Child care expenses (%)   41.2 38.9 2.4 36.6 34.7 2.0 36.0 37.4 -1.4
Paid entirely by respondent 5.4 8.4 -3.0 10.4 3.6 6.9 * 5.1 5.7 -0.6
Paid partially by respondent 26.4 18.7 7.7 14.0 18.9 -5.0 12.2 16.8 -4.5
Not paid by respondent 9.5 11.8 -2.3 12.3 12.2 0.1 18.7 14.9 3.8
Child care was a barrier to school, job training, or work (%)   16.0 21.1 -5.1 14.3 19.7 -5.4 15.6 16.8 -1.2
Quit job, school, or training because of child care problems 13.2 13.7 -0.5 13.2 18.6 -5.3 11.8 13.8 -2.0
Missed work because of child care problems 6.1 9.0 -3.0 2.3 1.9 0.4 4.5 3.6 1.0
Transportation Own car, van, or truck (%) 62.2 66.6 -4.4 66.6 58.1 8.5 49.7 45.9 3.8
Commuting time (minutes) 22.2 20.9 1.3 21.5 24.1 -2.6 39.7 34.6 5.1
Transportation costs per week ($) 20.1 20.9 -0.8 25.4 23.1 2.3 24.1 25.9 -1.9
Method of transportation to work (%) By car 34.2 38.8 -4.6 26.5 29.8 -3.2 17.6 23.6 -6.0
By bus 13.7 7.8 5.9 6.8 6.0 0.8 23.5 21.6 1.9
Get a ride 18.7 17.2 1.4 32.3 30.5 1.8 23.1 14.6 8.5 *
Walk 4.5 3.8 0.8 1.0 4.2 -3.2 3.3 3.5 -0.2
Sample size (total = 775) 141 149   92 96   150 147  
SOURCE: MDRC calculations from responses to the ERA 12-Month Survey.

NOTES: See Appendix D.

a Health coverage measures combine data from the survey employment section, health coverage section, income section, and administrative records on public assistance receipt. A person can be receiving both public and private health coverage.

The Employment Retention and Advancement Project

Appendix Table E.4

Impacts on Wage Growth and Advancement for Current/Most Recent Job

Texas
Outcome Corpus Christi Fort Worth Houston
ERA Group Control Group Difference (Impact) ERA Group Control Group Difference (Impact) ERA Group Control Group Difference (Impact)
Employed in first 6 months and at interview (%) 39.5 31.8 7.8 23.9 24.0 -0.1 24.6 21.8 2.8
Among those employed in first 6 months and at interview Percentage whose weekly earnings: Increased   18.9 17.0 1.9 11.6 9.8 1.8 12.9 10.0 2.9
Increased by less than 20 percent 5.5 6.2 -0.7 3.0 3.4 -0.4 5.4 1.3 4.2 *
Increased by 20 percent or more 13.4 10.8 2.5 8.6 6.4 2.2 7.5 8.7 -1.3
Decreased 11.3 8.1 3.1 10.3 6.8 3.5 5.0 7.2 -2.2
Stayed the same 9.4 6.6 2.8 2.1 7.4 -5.3 * 6.7 4.7 2.0
Average weekly earnings at interview ($) 240 238 2 334 287 47 252 300 -48
Percentage whose hours worked: Increased   9.6 11.8 -2.2 6.7 8.2 -1.6 8.8 6.7 2.1
Increased by less than 20 percent 4.2 4.8 -0.6 2.0 1.2 0.8 2.8 0.5 2.3
Increased by 20 percent or more 5.4 7.0 -1.6 4.6 7.0 -2.4 6.0 6.2 -0.2
Decreased 14.0 5.6 8.4 ** 6.3 6.5 -0.3 4.2 5.9 -1.7
Stayed the same 16.0 14.4 1.5 11.0 9.2 1.8 11.6 9.3 2.3
Average weekly hours worked at interview 33.4 35.7 -2.3 36.1 40.5 -4.4 34.8 33.5 1.3
Percentage whose hourly pay: Increased   20.9 15.2 5.7 13.8 5.6 8.2 * 10.5 9.7 0.8
Increased by less than 20 percent 7.6 8.9 -1.3 7.5 3.2 4.3 8.3 3.8 4.6
Increased by more than 20 percent 13.3 6.3 7.0 * 6.2 2.4 3.9 2.2 5.9 -3.7
Decreased 6.8 8.3 -1.5 4.9 10.9 -6.0 4.7 6.1 -1.3
Stayed the same 11.8 8.3 3.5 5.2 7.5 -2.3 9.4 6.1 3.3
Average hourly pay at interview ($) 7.23 6.56 0.67 9.13 7.36 1.77 7.51 9.17 -1.66
Sample size (total = 775) 141 149   92 96   150 147  
SOURCE: MDRC calculations from responses to the ERA 12-Month Survey.

NOTES: See Appendix D.

The Employment Retention and Advancement Project

Appendix E.5

Years 1-2, Impacts on UI-Covered Employment

Texas (All Sites)
Outcome Corpus Christi Fort Worth Houston
ERA Group Control Group Difference (Impacts) ERA Group Control Group Difference (Impacts) ERA Group Control Group Difference (Impacts)
Ever employed a (%) Quarter of random assignment 49.5 50.6 -1.0 45.6 44.2 1.3 39.0 38.8 0.1
Q2 52.3 48.9 3.4 47.5 46.1 1.4 41.7 42.1 -0.4
Q3 53.2 50.4 2.8 51.4 48.4 3.0 42.9 45.8 -2.9
Q4 53.6 50.1 3.5 49.1 46.9 2.2 43.0 43.5 -0.5
Q5 53.8 49.6 4.2 47.5 47.8 -0.3 42.7 42.2 0.5
Q6 53.4 51.1 2.3 49.4 45.9 3.6 44.5 40.6 3.9 *
Q7 53.2 52.9 0.3 47.9 47.1 0.8 44.2 40.8 3.4
Q8 52.6 51.1 1.5 46.5 45.9 0.6 42.3 40.8 1.5
Q9 54.4 49.1 5.3 ** 48.5 44.4 4.1 40.0 41.6 -1.6
Earned $2,500 or more (%) Quarter of random assignment 5.1 3.7 1.4 6.5 7.4 -0.8 4.2 5.8 -1.6 *
Q2 9.6 10.6 -1.1 12.5 12.5 0.0 11.4 10.1 1.3
Q3 14.2 15.0 -0.8 18.4 18.1 0.3 15.1 16.7 -1.6
Q4 17.5 13.4 4.1 ** 22.9 19.8 3.1 18.0 17.5 0.5
Q5 17.2 18.3 -1.1 21.2 21.5 -0.3 18.2 18.4 -0.2
Q6 18.8 18.3 0.5 19.9 20.8 -0.9 18.7 18.0 0.7
Q7 19.9 19.7 0.2 22.7 22.2 0.5 19.6 18.3 1.2
Q8 20.8 20.6 0.3 24.8 21.0 3.8 19.2 20.0 -0.8
Q9 21.1 19.6 1.5 24.2 20.2 4.0 * 18.0 20.7 -2.7
Earned between $500 and $2,499 (%) Quarter of random assignment 25.3 27.5 -2.2 24.8 20.3 4.5 * 20.8 19.4 1.4
Q2 29.0 25.3 3.7 22.6 21.3 1.3 18.4 20.2 -1.8
Q3 28.0 22.0 6.1 ** 20.8 18.9 1.9 18.5 19.6 -1.1
Q4 24.1 26.8 -2.7 18.6 19.3 -0.7 17.3 18.6 -1.4
Q5 26.5 21.5 5.0 ** 17.6 17.8 -0.1 16.1 16.9 -0.8
Q6 26.0 22.3 3.7 20.3 16.2 4.0 * 16.6 17.0 -0.5
Q7 23.0 21.5 1.5 17.7 16.0 1.7 16.5 16.4 0.1
Q8 22.5 20.6 1.9 14.1 15.0 -0.9 15.2 13.3 2.0
Q9 23.0 22.8 0.2 16.5 16.8 -0.3 15.9 14.7 1.2
Earned between $1 and $499 (%) Quarter of random assignment 19.2 19.4 -0.2 14.3 16.5 -2.3 13.9 13.6 0.3
Q2 13.8 13.0 0.8 12.5 12.3 0.2 12.0 11.8 0.1
Q3 11.0 13.4 -2.4 12.2 11.4 0.8 9.3 9.4 -0.2
Q4 12.0 10.0 2.1 7.6 7.8 -0.2 7.7 7.4 0.4
Q5 10.2 9.8 0.4 8.7 8.5 0.1 8.5 7.0 1.5
Q6 8.6 10.5 -2.0 9.3 8.8 0.4 9.2 5.6 3.6 ***
Q7 10.3 11.7 -1.4 7.5 8.9 -1.4 8.1 6.0 2.1 *
Q8 9.3 9.9 -0.6 7.7 9.9 -2.2 7.9 7.5 0.4
Q9 10.3 6.7 3.7 ** 7.7 7.4 0.3 6.1 6.1 -0.1
Sample size (total = 4,288) 656 653   577 586   904 912  
SOURCE: MDRC calculations from Texas administrative records.

NOTES: See Appendix B.

a This table includes only employment and earnings in jobs covered by the Texas unemployment insurance (UI) program. It does not include employment outside Texas or in jobs not covered by UI (for example, "off-the-books" jobs, some agricultural jobs, and federal government jobs).

The Employment Retention and Advancement Project

Appendix Table E.6

Year 1 Impacts on UI-Covered Employment and Earnings for Sample Members in the Full Sample a

Texas
Outcome Corpus Christi Fort Worth Houston
ERA Group Control Group Difference (Impact) ERA Group Control Group Difference (Impact) ERA Group Control Group Difference (Impact)
Ever employed b(%) 72.7 74.0 -1.2 68.7 68.5 0.2 64.7 63.6 1.0
Average quarterly employment (%) 52.4 49.6 2.8 47.4 47.2 0.2 42.9 43.7 -0.8
Employed 4 consecutive quarters (%) 29.8 26.0 3.8 * 23.8 25.6 -1.8 21.5 23.3 -1.8
Earnings ($) 3,986 3,574 412 * 4,264 4,295 -31 3,854 3,935 -81
Earned over $10,000 (%) 11.7 10.7 1.0 14.7 15.2 -0.5 12.7 13.9 -1.2
Total income c ($) 7,916 7,396 520 ** 8,321 8,070 251 7,951 7,867 83
Sample size (total = 5,236) 867 854   777 786   971 981  
SOURCES: MDRC calculations from UI, TANF, and food stamps administrative records from the State of Texas.

NOTES: See Appendix B.

a Corpus Christi and Fort Worth report sample members were randomly assigned from October 2000 to June 2002, and early cohort members for both of these sites were randomly assigned from October 2000 to June 2001. Houston report sample members were randomly assigned from March 2001 to June 2002, and early cohort members for this site were randomly assigned from March to June 2001.

b This table includes only employment and earnings in jobs covered by the Texas unemployment insurance (UI) program. It does not include employment outside Texas or in jobs not covered by UI (for example, "off-the-books" jobs, some agricultural jobs, and federal government jobs).

c This measure represents the sum of UI earnings, TANF, food stamps, and stipends.

The Employment Retention and Advancement Project

Appendix Table E.7

Years 1-2, Impacts on TANF Receipt and Payments

Texas
Outcome Corpus Christi Fort Worth Houston
ERA Group Control Group Difference (Impacts) ERA Group Control Group Difference (Impacts) ERA Group Control Group Difference (Impacts)
Ever received TANF (%) Quarter of random assignment 67.7 68.3 -0.7 67.1 67.4 -0.3 72.9 69.6 3.3 *
Q2 79.3 76.2 3.1 75.0 75.0 0.0 81.4 79.5 1.8
Q3 65.9 65.9 0.0 66.1 65.6 0.5 70.6 69.0 1.6
Q4 46.7 46.4 0.3 49.2 52.3 -3.1 55.3 53.0 2.3
Q5 39.5 41.4 -1.9 46.8 47.8 -0.9 50.9 47.7 3.1
Q6 33.1 38.9 -5.8 ** 43.6 43.9 -0.3 46.5 43.8 2.6
Q7 30.4 35.1 -4.7 * 39.0 40.1 -1.1 44.6 41.7 2.9
Q8 28.0 31.9 -3.9 37.5 39.1 -1.6 42.7 38.2 4.5 *
Q9 27.2 29.6 -2.4 37.1 36.8 0.3 40.7 36.6 4.1
Amount of TANF received ($) Quarter of random assignment 224 230 -5 246 248 -2 257 244 13
Q2 408 389 18 402 401 1 448 434 14
Q3 283 282 2 301 307 -6 327 311 16
Q4 212 212 0 242 253 -11 262 250 12
Q5 168 178 -10 222 218 4 237 215 21 *
Q6 155 174 -18 209 203 6 240 221 20
Q7 139 154 -15 180 198 -18 215 201 14
Q8 120 138 -18 183 184 -1 210 178 31 **
Q9 110 130 -20 163 162 1 209 176 33 **
Sample size (total = 4,288) 656 653   577 586   904 912  
SOURCE: MDRC calculations from Texas administrative records.

NOTES: See Appendix B.

The Employment Retention and Advancement Project

Appendix Table E.8

Years 1-2, Impacts on Food Stamp Receipt and Payments

Texas
Outcome Corpus Christi Fort Worth Houston
ERA Group Control Group Difference (Impacts) ERA Group Control Group Difference (Impacts) ERA Group Control Group Difference (Impacts)
Ever received food stamps (%) Quarter of random assignment 95.1 95.2 -0.1 91.6 90.9 0.8 91.0 92.0 -1.0
Q2 91.1 90.2 0.9 86.9 84.6 2.4 85.5 87.0 -1.5
Q3 84.0 83.9 0.2 79.4 78.8 0.6 78.5 79.7 -1.2
Q4 79.6 78.2 1.3 70.3 71.9 -1.6 73.8 73.1 0.7
Q5 76.2 78.4 -2.2 70.9 70.9 0.0 73.5 72.2 1.3
Q6 73.4 76.5 -3.1 68.5 68.5 0.0 72.3 70.2 2.2
Q7 72.7 73.9 -1.2 69.7 68.4 1.3 71.4 71.1 0.2
Q8 71.4 74.4 -3.0 68.1 65.1 3.0 69.7 69.9 -0.2
Q9 73.0 75.5 -2.5 66.5 64.6 2.0 68.3 70.0 -1.7
Amount of food stamps received ($) Quarter of random assignment 690 696 -6 687 670 17 742 732 10
Q2 777 765 11 791 770 21 791 786 4
Q3 672 669 3 658 653 5 688 679 9
Q4 663 657 5 639 628 11 655 643 12
Q5 640 680 -40 * 630 602 28 649 624 25
Q6 615 657 -42 * 633 601 32 663 645 17
Q7 632 655 -23 634 612 22 655 675 -21
Q8 611 658 -48 * 623 583 40 680 644 36
Q9 622 669 -47 631 576 55 682 658 24
Sample size (total = 4,288) 656 653   577 586   904 912  
SOURCE: MDRC calculations from Texas administrative records.

NOTES: See Appendix B.

The Employment Retention and Advancement Project

Appendix Table E.9

Years 1-2, Impacts on UI-Covered Employment and Earnings Based on Length of Employment History in the Three Years Prior to Random Assignment

Texas
Outcome Corpus Christi Fort Worth Houston
ERA Group Control Group Difference (Impact) ERA Group Control Group Difference (Impact) ERA Group Control Group Difference (Impact)
Employed at least 24 months Ever employed (%) 92.9 90.0 2.9 90.9 81.2 9.8 ** 88.8 82.4 6.4 *
Average quarterly employment (%) 68.7 60.7 8.0 ** 62.8 56.4 6.4 56.3 53.4 2.9
Employed 8 consecutive quarters (%) 35.5 28.2 7.3 21.5 21.7 -0.2 21.0 20.7 0.3
Earnings ($) 13,766 12,042 1,724 15,807 12,646 3,161 * 13,567 12,732 835
Earned over $20,000 (%) 26.5 21.6 4.9 30.9 22.2 8.7 * 24.9 24.0 0.9
Sample size (total = 1,032) 162 176   151 150   189 204  
Employed 13-24 months Ever employed (%) 86.5 90.8 -4.4 81.7 83.6 -1.8 75.9 77.7 -1.8
Average quarterly employment (%) 60.9 59.6 1.3 53.3 53.4 -0.1 46.7 52.2 -5.5
Employed 8 consecutive quarters (%) 20.1 26.1 -6.0 16.5 20.8 -4.3 16.6 19.5 -3.0
Earnings ($) 9,628 10,238 -610 11,260 10,210 1,051 8,886 10,680 -1,794
Earned over $20,000 (%) 16.6 17.2 -0.6 22.7 18.3 4.4 19.8 18.9 0.9
Sample size (total = 865) 146 133   111 114   184 177  
Employed 1-12 months Ever employed (%) 80.9 84.6 -3.7 83.5 79.2 4.3 71.3 71.3 0.1
Average quarterly employment (%) 49.2 47.4 1.8 44.7 45.7 -1.1 39.4 37.7 1.8
Employed 8 consecutive quarters (%) 14.8 12.5 2.3 11.7 13.8 -2.1 10.1 10.4 -0.3
Earnings ($) 6,415 6,172 243 7,142 8,438 -1,295 6,871 6,310 561
Earned over $20,000 (%) 6.7 5.3 1.4 9.7 11.4 -1.7 11.0 10.5 0.5
Sample size (total = 1,746) 251 247   221 233   390 404  
Never employed Ever employed (%) 62.9 66.1 -3.2 53.5 49.2 4.3 47.3 53.5 -6.2
Average quarterly employment (%) 25.0 28.8 -3.8 26.2 20.3 5.9 25.3 27.0 -1.6
Employed 8 consecutive quarters (%) 1.8 4.5 -2.7 10.1 3.5 6.6 5.7 8.3 -2.6
Earnings ($) 3,296 3,494 -199 4,740 3,018 1,722 3,976 4,336 -359
Earned over $20,000 (%) 5.0 3.5 1.5 9.0 3.5 5.5 6.2 4.6 1.6
Sample size (total = 619) 93 96   91 80   137 122  
SOURCES: MDRC calculations from UI, TANF, and food stamps administrative records from the State of Texas.

NOTES: See Appendix B.

This table includes only employment and earnings in jobs covered by the Texas unemployment insurance (UI) program. It does not include employment outside Texas or in jobs not covered by UI (for example, "off-the-books" jobs, some agricultural jobs, and federal government jobs).

The Employment Retention and Advancement Project

Appendix Table E.10

Years 1-2, Impacts on UI-Covered Employment and Earnings

Corpus Christi and Fort Worth, Texas
Outcome ERA Group Control Group Difference (Impact)
Years 1-2 Ever employed (%) 81.7 80.7 1.0
Average quarterly employment (%) 51.2 48.5 2.7 **
Employed 4 consecutive quarters (%) 47.0 43.2 3.8 **
Earnings ($) 9,147 8,634 513
Earned over $20,000 (%) 15.5 13.1 2.4 *
Year 1 Ever employed (%) 71.6 70.7 0.9
Average quarterly employment (%) 51.4 48.5 2.9 *
Employed 4 consecutive quarters (%) 28.8 25.9 2.8 *
Earnings ($) 4,177 3,919 258
Earned over $10,000 (%) 13.5 12.9 0.6
Year 2 Ever employed (%) 70.1 66.6 3.4 *
Average quarterly employment (%) 51.0 48.5 2.5 *
Employed 4 consecutive quarters (%) 30.9 30.4 0.5
Earnings ($) 4,970 4,715 255
Earned over $10,000 (%) 19.5 18.1 1.3
Last quarter of Year 2 Ever employed (%) 51.6 46.8 4.8 **
Total earnings ($) 1,316 1,184 132 *
Earned $2,500 or more (%) 22.4 20.0 2.4
Earned between $500 and $2,499 (%) 20.1 19.9 0.2
Earned between $1 and $499 (%) 9.1 7.0 2.2 **
Sample size (total = 2,470) 1,232 1,238  
SOURCES: MDRC calculations from UI, TANF, and food stamps administrative records from the State of Texas.

NOTES: See Appendix B.

This table includes only employment and earnings in jobs covered by the Texas unemployment insurance (UI) program. It does not include employment outside Texas or in jobs not covered by UI (for example, "off-the-books" jobs, some agricultural jobs, and federal government jobs).

The Employment Retention and Advancement Project

Appendix Table E.11

Years 1-2, Impacts on UI-Covered Employment and Earnings

Texas (All Sites)
Outcome ERA Group Control Group Difference (Impact)
Years 1-2 Ever employed(a) (%) 77.8 77.0 0.8
Average quarterly employment (%) 47.5 45.8 1.7 *
Employed 4 consecutive quarters (%) 42.8 40.3 2.6 *
Earnings ($) 8,757 8,510 247
Earned over $20,000 (%) 15.1 13.8 1.4
Year 1 Ever employed (%) 68.4 67.6 0.8
Average quarterly employment (%) 47.6 46.4 1.2
Employed 4 consecutive quarters (%) 25.6 24.7 0.9
Earnings ($) 4,006 3,902 104
Earned over $10,000 (%) 13.1 13.3 -0.2
Year 2 Ever employed (%) 65.6 62.8 2.8 **
Average quarterly employment (%) 47.5 45.3 2.3 *
Employed 4 consecutive quarters (%) 28.6 27.8 0.7
Earnings ($) 4,751 4,608 143
Earned over $10,000 (%) 18.5 17.7 0.8
Last quarter of Year 2 Ever employed (%) 46.7 44.6 2.1
Total earnings ($) 1,217 1,183 33
Earned $2,500 or more (%) 20.5 20.4 0.1
Earned between $500 and $2,499 (%) 18.4 17.6 0.7
Earned between $1 and $499 (%) 7.9 6.6 1.2
Sample size (total = 4,288) 2,137 2,151  
SOURCES: MDRC calculations from UI, TANF, and food stamps administrative records from the State of Texas.

NOTES: See Appendix B.

This table includes only employment and earnings in jobs covered by the Texas unemployment insurance (UI) program. It does not include employment outside Texas or in jobs not covered by UI (for example, "off-the-books" jobs, some agricultural jobs, and federal government jobs).

The Employment Retention and Advancement Project

Appendix E.12

Selected Characteristics of Texas ERA Sample Members a
Characteristic ERA Group Control Group Total
Gender (%) Male 3.1 3.4 3.3
Female 96.9 96.6 96.7
Average age (years) 28.4 28.2 28.3
U.S. citizen Yes 97.9 97.8 97.9
No 2.1 2.2 2.1
Limited English Yes 2.6 2.2 2.4
No 97.4 97.8 97.6
Race/ethnicity White, non-Hispanic 14.6 14.4 14.5
Black, non-Hispanic 47.7 47.0 47.3
American Indian/Alaska native 0.1 0.0 0.1
Hispanic 36.6 37.2 36.9
Asian/Pacific Islander 0.3 0.3 0.3
Other race 0.7 1.0 0.9
Education GED 15.3 15.5 15.4
High school diploma 30.2 27.1 28.7
Technical/Associate's degree/2-year college 3.2 3.3 3.2
4 year (or more) college 0.6 0.9 0.7
None of the above 50.7 53.2 52.0
Current cash assistance status Applicant 83.2 83.2 83.2
Recipient 16.8 16.8 16.8
Registration status Mandatory 75.7 75.2 75.5
Exempt 24.3 24.8 24.5
Total prior AFDC/TANF receipt (%) None 35.9 35.6 35.7
Less than 3 months 7.4 7.8 7.6
3 months or more and less than 2 years 36.8 38.3 37.5
2 years or more and less than 5 years 11.5 10.7 11.1
5 years or more and less than 10 years 6.1 5.6 5.8
10 years or more 2.3 2.0 2.2
Months employed in last 3 years Did not work 15.1 14.0 14.5
6 or less 21.8 20.9 21.4
7 to 12 18.8 20.5 19.6
13 to 24 20.7 19.9 20.3
More than 24 23.6 24.8 24.2
Type of employment in last 3 years (among those who worked) (%) Mostly part time 24.2 23.7 23.9
Mostly full time 65.2 64.1 64.6
Equal amounts part time and full time 10.6 12.2 11.4
Currently employed (%) Yes 6.5 7.2 6.9
No 93.5 92.8 93.1
Hours worked per week (among those currently employed) (%) 10 or less 10.4 6.7 8.5
11 to 20 28.0 24.4 26.2
21 to 40 41.6 39.3 40.4
More than 40 20.0 29.6 25.0
Average hourly wage (among those currently employed) ($) 6.73 6.43 6.57
Number of children 0 0.9 1.1 1.0
1 39.9 40.0 39.9
2 28.2 30.9 29.6
3 or more 30.9 28.0 29.5
Sample size (total = 4,288) 2,137 2,151  
SOURCE: Texas baseline information sheets.

NOTE: Tests of statistical significance across the research groups were performed. No differences were statistically signficant.

a This table includes single-parent ERA sample members only. Two-parent families are not included.

The Employment Retention and Advancement Project

Appendix Table E.13

Years 1-2, Impacts on UI-Covered Employment and Earnings for Sample Members, Among Those Mandatory with Mandatory Registration Status

Texas
Outcome Corpus Christi Fort Worth Houston
ERA Group Control Group Difference (Impact) ERA Group Control Group Difference (Impact) ERA Group Control Group Difference (Impact)
Total earnings ($) 8,911 8,401 510 9,510 8,912 598 8,676 8,504 172
Ever employed a (%) 84.7 86.6 -1.9 81.9 75.9 6.0 ** 73.7 71.8 1.9
Average quarterly employment (%) 54.5 51.2 3.2 48.4 45.7 2.7 43.7 42.5 1.2
Number of quarters employed 4.4 4.1 0.3 3.9 3.7 0.2 3.5 3.4 0.1
Employed 4 consecutive quarters (%) 51.2 45.6 5.7 * 44.4 39.8 4.5 38.4 37.3 1.1
Earned over $20,000 (%) 14.7 12.0 2.6 17.1 13.2 3.9 * 15.5 14.9 0.6
Sample size (total = 3,236) 476 483   446 432   696 703  
SOURCES: MDRC calculations from UI, TANF, and food stamps administrative records from the State of Texas.

NOTES: See Appendix B.

a This table includes only employment and earnings in jobs covered by the Texas unemployment insurance (UI) program. It does not include employment outside Texas or in jobs not covered by UI (for example, "off-the-books" jobs, some agricultural jobs, and federal government jobs).

The Employment Retention and Advancement Project

Appendix Table E.14

Years 1-2, Impacts on Employment and Earnings Among Subgroups Defined by Previous Work Experience and Educational Attainment

Texas
Outcome Corpus Christi Fort Worth Houston
ERA Group Control Group Difference (Impact) ERA Group Control Group Difference (Impact) ERA Group Control Group Difference (Impact)
High school diploma/GED and employed in prior year Ever employed (%) 91.8 90.7 1.1 90.4 86.0 4.4 84.5 79.1 5.3 *
Average quarterly employment (%) 64.3 60.5 3.8 61.0 58.6 2.4 56.8 52.9 3.8
Employed 8 consecutive quarters (%) 28.0 24.4 3.6 22.6 25.0 -2.4 20.3 21.7 -1.5
Sample size (total = 1,563) 241 228   249 235   306 304  
No high school diploma/GED and unemployed in prior year Ever employed (%) 60.5 68.1 -7.6 52.4 55.9 -3.5 45.0 49.5 -4.6
Average quarterly employment (%) 28.9 31.8 -2.9 23.6 26.6 -3.0 21.9 22.5 -0.6
Employed 8 consecutive quarters (%) 4.5 3.1 1.4 6.3 6.7 -0.4 4.5 5.5 -1.0
Sample size (total = 728) 102 112   72 81   192 169  
SOURCES: MDRC calculations from UI, TANF, and food stamps administrative records from the State of Texas.

NOTES: See Appendix B.

The Employment Retention and Advancement Project

Appendix Table E.15

Years 1-2, Impacts on UI-Covered Employment and Earnings for Sample Members in the Full Samplw (Without Regression Adjustment)

Texas
Outcome Corpus Christi Fort Worth Houston
ERA Group Control Group Difference (Impact) ERA Group Control Group Difference (Impact) ERA Group Control Group Difference (Impact)
Ever employed (%) 82.7 84.4 -1.6 80.3 76.8 3.5 72.3 72.3 0.0
Average quarterly employment (%) 53.2 50.6 2.7 48.2 46.8 1.4 42.5 42.3 0.2
Employed 8 consecutive quarters (%) 19.1 18.4 0.7 14.9 16.0 -1.2 13.2 14.0 -0.9
Earnings ($) 8,453 8,234 219 9,896 9,114 782 8,216 8,352 -136
Earned over $20,000 (%) 13.3 12.1 1.2 18.0 14.2 3.8 * 14.8 14.6 0.2
Sample size (total = 4,288) 654 652   578 586   905 913  
SOURCES: MDRC calculations from UI, TANF, and food stamps administrative records from the State of Texas.

NOTES: Impacts were not regression adjusted.

Rounding may cause slight discrepancies in calculating sums and differences.

A two-tailed t-test was applied to differences between outcomes for the program and control groups. Statistical significance levels are indicated as: * = 10 percent; ** = 5 percent; and *** = 1 percent.

Italics indicate comparisons that are nonexperimental. These measures are computed only for sample members who were employed. Since there may be differences in the characteristics of program group and control group members who were employed, any differences in outcomes may not necessarily be attributable to the ERA program. Statistical tests were not performed.

“Year 1” refers to Quarters 2 to 5. Quarter 1 is the quarter in which random assignment took place.

Dollar averages include zero values for sample members who were not employed or were not receiving TANF or food stamps.

Unless otherwise stated, results are for sample members randomly assigned from October 2000 to June 2002.

This table includes only employment and earnings in jobs covered by the Texas unemployment insurance (UI) program. It does not include employment outside Texas or in jobs not covered by UI (for example, "off-the-books" jobs, some agricultural jobs, and federal government jobs).

The Employment Retention and Advancement Project

Appendix Table E.16

Years 1-2, Impacts on Employment and Earnings Among Subgroups Defined by UI-Covered Employment in Prior Year

Texas
Outcome Corpus Christi Fort Worth Houston
ERA Group Control Group Difference (Impact) ERA Group Control Group Difference (Impact) ERA Group Control Group Difference (Impact)
Employed in the prior year Total earnings ($) 9,852 9,003 849 11,052 10,665 387 9,944 10,047 -102
Ever employed (%) 89.8 90.0 -0.2 89.0 83.6 5.4 ** 82.7 80.5 2.1
Average quarterly employment (%) 61.5 56.1 5.3 ** 56.0 52.8 3.1 50.6 49.3 1.3
Number of quarters employed 4.9 4.5 0.4 ** 4.5 4.2 0.3 4.0 3.9 0.1
Employed 4 consecutive quarters (%) 57.1 51.5 5.6 * 52.9 48.3 4.6 44.4 42.9 1.5
Earned over $20,000 (%) 15.5 12.7 2.8 20.0 16.8 3.2 18.0 17.7 0.4
Sample size (total = 3,067) 479 463   419 446   619 641  
Not employed in the prior year Total earnings ($) 5,524 5,519 5 5,912 5,237 675 4,817 3,997 821
Ever employed (%) 63.7 70.1 -6.4 56.3 56.0 0.3 50.2 52.4 -2.3
Average quarterly employment (%) 32.5 35.1 -2.5 26.9 28.6 -1.7 25.5 25.3 0.3
Number of quarters employed 2.6 2.8 -0.2 2.2 2.3 -0.1 2.0 2.0 0.0
Employed 4 consecutive quarters (%) 28.1 27.4 0.7 20.7 22.2 -1.6 21.9 20.4 1.6
Earned over $20,000 (%) 10.4 7.8 2.6 10.5 8.1 2.4 7.7 7.3 0.4
Sample size (total = 1,221) 175 189   159 140   286 272  
SOURCES: MDRC calculations from UI, TANF, and food stamps administrative records from the State of Texas.

NOTES: See Appendix B.

This table includes only employment and earnings in jobs covered by the Texas unemployment insurance (UI) program. It does not include employment outside Texas or in jobs not covered by UI (for example, "off-the-books" jobs, some agricultural jobs, and federal goverment jobs).

The Employment Retention and Advancement Project

Appendix Table E.17

Most Common Industries/Occupations Among the Currently Employed
Cluster ERA Members Employed (%) Average Weekly Pay ($) Average Hourly Pay ($) Good Job (%) Full-Time Job (%)
Job/ occupation Office and administrative support 19.0 305 8.08 48.0 87.0
Food preparation and serving-related 16.0 230 6.63 20.0 78.0
Sales and sales-related 15.0 209 6.30 6.0 73.0
Health care support 11.0 244 7.81 33.0 58.0
Personal care and service 10.0 110 3.88 6.0 59.0
Business/ industry Health care and social assistance 27.0 230 6.85 28.0 67.0
Accommodation and food services 17.0 212 6.09 9.0 79.0
Retail trade of motor vehicles and parts, furniture and home furnishings 9.0 218 6.65 10.0 60.0
Other services (except public administration) 8.0 231 6.65 23.0 77.0
Retail trade of sport goods, hobbies, books, music, or general merchandise 5.0 242 7.45 19.0 81.0

Appendix Figure E.1 Impacts on TANF Payments and TANF Receipt Rates for the Report Sample and Early Cohort Over Time
[D]

Appendix Figure E.2 Estimated Eligibility for and Use of the ERA Stipend Among 100 TANF Applicants and Recipients in Fort Worth
[D]

Appendix Figure E.3 Estimated Eligibility for and Use of the ERA Stipend Among 100 TANF Applicants and Recipients in Houston
[D]

Appendix Figure E.4 Impacts on Program Participation for Key Subgroups in Corpus Christi
[D]

Appendix Figure E.5 Impacts on Program Participation for Key Subgroups in Fort Worth
[D]

Appendix Figure E.6 Impacts on Program Participation for Key Subgroups in Houston
[D]

Appendix Figure E.7 Percentage Employed According to UI Records and Receiving the ERA Stipend
[D]

Appendix Figure E.8 Percentage Employed According to UI Records and Receiving the ERA Stipend
[D]

Appendix Figure E.9 Impacts on UI-Covered Earnings and Employment for the Report Sample and Early Cohort Over Time
[D]


 

 

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