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Appendix A
Supplementary Tables for Chapter 1
| State | Location | Target Group | Primary Service Strategies | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Advancement projects | Illinois | Cook (Chicago) and St. Clair (East St. Louis) Counties | TANF recipients who have worked at least 30 hours per week for at least 6 consecutive months | A combination of services to promote career advancement (targeted job search assistance, education and training, assistance in identifying and accessing career ladders, etc.) |
| California | Riverside County Phase 2 | Newly employed TANF recipients working at least 20 hours per week | Test of alternative strategies for promoting participation in education and training activities | |
| Placement and retention (hard-to-employ) projects | Minnesota | Hennepin County (Minneapolis) | Long-term TANF recipients who were unable to find jobs through standard welfare-to-work services | In-depth family assessment; low caseloads; intensive monitoring and follow-up; emphasis on placement into unsubsidized employment or supported work with referrals to education and training, counseling, and other support services |
| Oregon | Portland | Individuals who are cycling back onto TANF and those who have lost jobs | Team-based case management, job search/job readiness components, intensive retention and follow-up services, mental health and substance abuse services for those identified with these barriers, supportive and emergency services | |
| New York | New York City PRIDE (Personal Roads to Individual Development and Employment) | TANF recipients whose employability is limited by physical or mental health problems | Two main tracks: (1) Vocational Rehabilitation, where clients with severe medical problems receive unpaid work experience, job search/job placement and retention services tailored to account for medical problems; (2) Work Based Education, where those with less severe medical problems participate in unpaid work experience, job placement services, and adult basic education | |
| New York | New York City Substance Abuse (substance abuse case management) | TANF recipients with a substance abuse problem | Intensive case management to promote participation in substance abuse treatment, links to mental health and other needed services | |
| Projects with mixed goals | California | Los Angeles County EJC (Enhanced Job Club) | TANF recipients who have been required to search for employment | Job search workshops promoting a step-down method designed to help participants find a job that pays a “living wage” |
| California | Los Angeles County (Reach for Success program) | Newly employed TANF recipients working at least 32 hours per week | Stabilization/retention services, followed by a combination of services to promote advancement: education and training, career assessment, targeted job development, etc. | |
| California | Riverside County PASS (Post- Assistance Self-Sufficiency program) | Individuals who have left TANF due to earned income | Intensive, family-based support services delivered by community-based organizations to promote retention and advancement | |
| Ohio | Cleveland | Low-wage workers with specific employers making under 200% of poverty who have been in their current jobs less than 6 months | Regular on-site office hours for counseling/case management; Lunch & Learn meetings for social support and presentations; newsletter for workers and employers; and supervisory training for employer supervisors | |
| Oregon | Eugene | Newly employed TANF applicants and recipients working 20 hours per week or more; mostly single mothers who were underemployed | Emphasis on work-based and education/training-based approaches to advancement and on frequent contact with clients; assistance tailored to clients’ career interests and personal circumstances | |
| Oregon | Medford | Newly employed TANF recipients and employed participants of the Oregon Food Stamp Employment and Training program and the Employment Related Day Care program; mostly single mothers | Emphasis on work-based and on education/training-based approaches to advancement and on frequent contact with clients; assistance tailored to clients’ career interests and personal circumstances; access to public benefits purposefully divorced from the delivery of retention and advancement services | |
| Oregon | Salem | TANF applicants | Job search assistance combined with career planning; once employed, education and training, employer linkages to promote retention and advancement | |
| South Carolina | 6 rural counties in the Pee Dee Region | Individuals who left TANF (for any reason) between 10/97 and 12/00 | Individualized case management with a focus on reemployment, support services, job search, career counseling, education and training, and use of individualized incentives | |
| Texas | Corpus Christi, Fort Worth, and Houston | TANF applicants and recipients | Individualized team-based case management; monthly stipends of $200 for those who maintain employment and complete activities related to employment plan | |
| Characteristic | PASS Group | Control Group | Total | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Gender (%) | Female | 90.5 | 89.4 | 90.0 | |
| Male | 9.5 | 10.6 | 10.0 | ||
| Age (%) | 20 years or younger | 8.4 | 8.0 | 8.3 | |
| 21 to 30 years | 42.0 | 42.2 | 42.1 | ||
| 31 to 40 years | 33.8 | 32.1 | 33.1 | ||
| 41 years or older | 15.8 | 17.7 | 16.6 | ||
| Average age (years) | 31.4 | 31.6 | 16.6 | ||
| Race/ethnicity (%)** | Hispanic | 47.5 | 51.8 | 49.3 | |
| Black, non-Hispanic | 17.0 | 15.9 | 16.6 | ||
| White, non-Hispanic | 32.3 | 30.6 | 31.6 | ||
| Native American | 0.8 | 0.5 | 0.7 | ||
| Asian | 2.4 | 1.2 | 1.9 | ||
| Primary language (%) | Spanish | 12.2 | 12.6 | 12.4 | |
| English | 87.0 | 86.9 | 87.0 | ||
| Other | 0.7 | 0.5 | 0.6 | ||
| Assistance group (%) | Single-parent family | 96.6 | 97.4 | 96.9 | |
| Child-only casea | 3.4 | 2.6 | 3.1 | ||
| Marital status (%) | Never married | 58.0 | 53.9 | 56.3 | |
| Married, living with spouse | 8.4 | 9.3 | 8.8 | ||
| Married, separated from spouse | 21.2 | 21.8 | 21.4 | ||
| Widowed | 2.9 | 2.4 | 2.7 | ||
| Divorced | 9.6 | 12.6 | 10.8 | ||
| Number of children in household (%) | None | 1.2 | 0.7 | 1.0 | |
| 1 | 38.5 | 39.0 | 38.7 | ||
| 2 | 31.8 | 29.2 | 30.7 | ||
| 3 or more | 28.5 | 31.1 | 29.6 | ||
| Average number of children | 2.1 | 2.1 | 2.1 | ||
| Age of youngest child in household | 2 years or younger | 37.1 | 34.7 | 36.1 | |
| 3 to 5 years | 23.9 | 23.6 | 23.8 | ||
| 6 years or older | 39.1 | 41.7 | 40.2 | ||
| Employed during the quarter prior to random assignmentb(%) | 76.2 | 75.8 | 76.0 | ||
| Employed during the year prior to random assignmentb (%) | 86.2 | 86.0 | 86.1 | ||
| Number of quarters employed in the prior 3 yearsb | 6.7 | 6.9 | 6.8 | ||
| Earnings in the 3 years prior to random assignmentb ($) | 16,832 | 16,659 | 16,760 | ||
| Currently employedc (%) | 90.3 | 89.6 | 90.0 | ||
| Hours worked per week (%) | Less than 20 | 4.4 | 3.5 | 4.0 | |
| 20-31 | 33.1 | 31.3 | 32.3 | ||
| 32 or more | 62.6 | 65.2 | 63.6 | ||
| Average hours worked per week** | 31.9 | 32.6 | 32.2 | ||
| Hourly wage (%) | Less than $6.25 | 2.8 | 2.2 | 2.6 | |
| $6.25 - $6.99 | 36.7 | 35.7 | 36.3 | ||
| $7.00 - $9.99 | 49.6 | 51.6 | 50.4 | ||
| $10.00 or more | 10.8 | 10.5 | 10.7 | ||
| Average hourly wage ($) | 7.82 | 7.79 | 7.81 | ||
| Catchment area (%) | Center for Employment Training | 22.4 | 22.4 | 22.4 | |
| Volunteer Center | 23.8 | 23.8 | 23.8 | ||
| Valley Restart | 28.1 | 28.1 | 28.1 | ||
| Riverside Community College | 22.0 | 22.0 | 22.0 | ||
| Rancho Mirage | 3.7 | 3.7 | 3.7 | ||
| Length of prior AFDC/TANF receipt, as of most recent | |||||
| CalWORKs/GAIN appraisald (%)** | NA (applicant) | 5.3 | 3.7 | 4.7 | |
| Less than 1 year | 39.6 | 38.4 | 39.1 | ||
| 1 year or more | 10.7 | 13.9 | 12.0 | ||
| 2-5 years | 24.0 | 26.2 | 24.9 | ||
| 6-10 years | 12.8 | 11.3 | 12.2 | ||
| Over 10 years | 7.6 | 6.3 | 7.1 | ||
| Education (%) | CHSPE/GED | 11.5 | 10.6 | 11.1 | |
| High school diploma | 42.5 | 41.1 | 41.9 | ||
| Technical/associate's degree/2- or 4-year college | 4.1 | 3.6 | 3.9 | ||
| None of the above | 41.4 | 44.3 | 42.6 | ||
| Certificate of proficiency | 0.6 | 0.3 | 0.5 | ||
| High school diploma/GED or higher (%) | 58.0 | 55.4 | -2.6 | ||
| Sample size (total = 2,770) | 1,627 | 1,143 | 2,770 | ||
| Additional characteristics recorded at entry into Riverside Phase 2e | |||||
| Speaks English adequately for employment (%) | 93.4 | 94.1 | 93.7 | ||
| Months employed in past 3 years (%)*** | Did not work | 3.8 | 5.2 | 4.4 | |
| Less than 6 | 27.6 | 18.8 | 24.0 | ||
| 7-12 | 19.7 | 20.3 | 20.0 | ||
| 13-24 | 21.6 | 23.5 | 22.4 | ||
| More than 24 | 27.3 | 32.1 | 29.3 | ||
| Type of employment in past 3 years (%) | Mostly part time | 36.1 | 34.3 | 35.4 | |
| Mostly full time | 49.3 | 51.7 | 50.3 | ||
| About the same | 14.6 | 13.9 | 14.3 | ||
| U.S. citizen (%) | 91.4 | 90.4 | 91.0 | ||
| Housing status (%) | Rent, public housing | 5.9 | 6.1 | 6.0 | |
| Rent, subsidized housing | 5.1 | 6.5 | 5.7 | ||
| Rent, other | 74.9 | 73.5 | 74.3 | ||
| Emergency/temporary housing | 3.1 | 2.6 | 2.9 | ||
| Owns home or apartment | 2.2 | 3.5 | 2.8 | ||
| Other | 8.7 | 7.8 | 8.3 | ||
| Sample size (total = 1,584) | 922 | 662 | 1,584 | ||
| SOURCE: Riverside PASS baseline data. NOTES: These estimates are weighted to account for differing random assignment ratios by site. In order to assess differences in characteristics across research groups, Chi-square tests were used for categorical variables, and t-tests were used for continuous variables. Significance levels are indicated as follows: *** = 1 percent; ** = 5 percent; * = 10 percent. Rounding may cause slight discrepancies in calculating sums and differences. Dollar averages include zero values for sample members who were not employed. Results are for single-parent sample members who were randomly assigned from July 1, 2002, to June 30, 2003. aThis category consists of adults who were receiving TANF on behalf of dependent children. bThis table includes only employment and earnings in jobs covered by the California unemployment insurance (UI) program. It does not include employment outside California or in jobs not covered by UI (for example, "off the books" jobs, some agricultural jobs, and federal government jobs). cSample members are identified as employed if they had an hourly wage and/or hours worked greater than zero. dCalWORKs/GAIN is the welfare-to-work program operated by Riverside DPSS. Mandatory for most TANF recipients, CalWORKs/GAIN requires an appraisal of participants upon their entry into the program. Appraisal data are entered on GEARS, the DPSS automated program tracking system used by CalWORKs/GAIN and Phase 2. If PASS sample members had an appraisal recorded on GEARS within one year prior to their random assignment into the PASS study, then DPSS sent MDRC these records (all PASS sample members had such records). eRiverside Phase 2, the postemployment program operated by DPSS and the local workforce agency, is also being studied as part of the ERA evaluation. DPSS staff asked clients the questions denoted by this note at the point when they could have been randomly assigned for the Phase 2 sample, and their responses were entered into GEARS. Because of a surplus of individuals eligible for random assignment, a nonresearch group was created for the Phase 2 study. Persons placed in this Phase 2 nonresearch group could be eligible for random assignment for PASS. (Phase 2 randomly assigned sample members who were not eligible for PASS random assignment.) If PASS sample members had Phase 2 records entered into GEARS within two years of their random assignment for the PASS study, then DPSS sent MDRC these records. About 57 percent of the PASS sample members possessed such records (1,584 sample members). |
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