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Appendix: Supplementary Tables
| Characteristic | Length between prison release and random assignment | Total | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Less than 3 months | More than 3 months | ||||
| Age (%) | 18 to 24 years | 21.8 | 16.2 | 18.4 | |
| 25 to 30 years | 21.8 | 24.0 | 23.1 | ||
| 31 to 40 years | 31.6 | 31.8 | 31.7 | ||
| 41 years or older | 24.7 | 28.1 | 26.8 | ||
| Race/ethnicity (%) | White, non-Hispanic | 1.9 | 1.5 | 1.6 | |
| Black, non-Hispanic | 64.2 | 65.4 | 64.9 | ||
| Hispanic | 31.2 | 30.2 | 30.6 | ||
| Other | 2.7 | 2.9 | 2.8 | ||
| Male (%) | 94.4 | 92.0 | 93.0 | ||
| Lives with any children under age 18 (%) | 14.8 | 17.2 | 16.2 | ||
| Has a child support order (%) | 14.9 | 22.7 | 19.6* | ||
| Education (%) | High school diploma | 11.1 | 10.1 | 10.5* | |
| GED | 44.3 | 42.9 | 43.5 | ||
| Beyond high school diploma | 6.0 | 3.0 | 4.3 | ||
| None of the above | 38.6 | 44.0 | 41.7 | ||
| Housing status (%) | Rents or owns home | 16.8 | 19.6 | 18.4*** | |
| Lives with friends or relatives | 63.4 | 51.4 | 56.3 | ||
| Transitional housing | 8.5 | 15.2 | 12.4 | ||
| Emergency housing/homeless | 5.0 | 3.8 | 4.3 | ||
| Other | 6.3 | 10.0 | 8.5 | ||
| Marital status (%) | Married, living with spouse | 10.1 | 7.9 | 8.8** | |
| Married, living away from spouse | 6.3 | 8.5 | 7.6 | ||
| Unmarried, living with partner | 17.8 | 24.0 | 21.5 | ||
| Single | 65.8 | 59.5 | 62.1 | ||
| Ever employed (%) | 78.9 | 84.6 | 82.3 | ||
| Ever employed 6 consecutive months for one employer (%) | 58.0 | 64.8 | 62.0 | ||
| UI-covered employment in the quarter prior to random assignment (%) | 7.2 | 18.5 | 13.9*** | ||
| UI-covered employment in year prior to random assignment (%) | 11.5 | 33.6 | 24.6*** | ||
| Arrest history | Average number of arrests | 7.9 | 7.7 | 7.8 | |
| Number of prior felony arrests | 4.7 | 4.6 | 4.7 | ||
| Number of prior misdemeanor arrests | 3.0 | 3.0 | 3.0 | ||
| Ever arrested for a violent crime (%)a | 69.5 | 68.1 | 68.7 | ||
| Conviction history | Average number of prior convictions | 7.0 | 6.7 | 6.8 | |
| Number of prior felony convictions | 2.7 | 2.6 | 2.6 | ||
| Number of prior misdemeanor convictions | 4.0 | 3.8 | 3.9 | ||
| Convicted for a violent crime (%) | 51.7 | 52.0 | 51.9 | ||
| Convicted for a drug-related crime (%) | 71.6 | 75.3 | 73.8 | ||
| State prison history | Lifetime number of months in state prisonb | 61.5 | 56.4 | 58.5*** | |
| Sample size | 377 | 551 | 928 | ||
| SOURCE: MDRC calculations using data from CEO Baseline Information Form, New York State (NYS) unemployment insurance, and New York State Division of Criminal Justice Services (DCJS). NOTES: Includes sample members randomly assigned between January 2004 and October 2005. Results in this table are unweighted, but the results for the statistical significance test are weighted by week of random assignment. A total of 49 sample members were excluded from this table due to missing prison release date. In order to assess differences in characteristics across research groups, chi-square tests were used for categorical variables and t-test was used for continuous variables. Significance levels are indicated as: *** = 1 percent; ** = 5 percent; * = 10 percent. The significance level indicates the probability that one would be making an error in concluding that there is a difference between research groups for the variable in question. Prior criminal history includes the arrest, conviction, and incarceration related to the offense they were on parole for at the time of random assignment (the current offense). a Includes underlying offenses b Due to missing admission or release dates, a total of 8 sample members are missing this measure. |
| Outcome | Length between prison release and random assignment | Total | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Less than 3 months | More than 3 months | |||
| Completed Life Skills class (%) | 77.5 | 79.3 | 78.5 | |
| Worked in Neighborhood Work Project (NWP) (%) | 70.7 | 72.3 | 71.6 | |
| Weeks worked in NWP (%)a | Never worked in NWP | 29.3 | 27.7 | 28.4 |
| Less than 1 week | 6.3 | 4.8 | 5.4 | |
| 1-4 weeks | 20.3 | 20.4 | 20.3 | |
| 5-12 weeks | 25.7 | 30.6 | 28.5 | |
| 13-24 weeks | 15.8 | 13.4 | 14.4 | |
| More than 24 weeks | 2.7 | 3.2 | 3.0 | |
| Days between random assignment and NWP (%) | Never worked in NWP | 29.3 | 27.7 | 28.4 |
| 0-7 | 50.0 | 48.4 | 49.1 | |
| 8-14 | 14.4 | 14.3 | 14.4 | |
| More than 14 | 6.3 | 9.6 | 8.2 | |
| Met with a job coach (%) | 54.5 | 64.0 | 60.1 | |
| Met with a job developer (%) | 55.4 | 58.9 | 57.5 | |
| Placed in a non-NWP job (%)b | 31.8 | 29.1 | 30.2 | |
| Among those who worked in NWP (N=384) | Met with a job coach (%) | 76.4 | 86.3 | 82.3 |
| Met with a job developer (%) | 77.1 | 79.7 | 78.6 | |
| Average weeks worked in NWP | 8.4 | 8.5 | 8.4 | |
| Median days between random assignment and NWP | 6.0 | 6.0 | 6.0 | |
| Placed in a non-NWP job (%)b | 44.1 | 38.4 | 40.8 | |
| Sample size | 222 | 314 | 536 | |
| SOURCES: MDRC calculations from CEO's Network for Information Gathering Evaluation and Learning (NIGEL) database. NOTES: This table reflects program participation and NWP employment between January 2004 and October 2006. The sample in this table includes program group clients randomly assigned between January 2004 and October 2005. A total of 32 sample members in the program group were excluded from this table due to a missing prison release date. Results in this table are unweighted, but the results for the statistical significance test are weighted by week of random assignment. In order to assess differences in characteristics across research groups, chi-square tests were used for categorical variables and t-test was used for continuous variables. Significance levels are indicated as: *** = 1 percent; ** = 5 percent; * = 10 percent. The significance level indicates the probability that one would be making an error in concluding that there is a difference between research groups for the variable in question. a It is important to note that weeks worked may not be consecutive but includes a total of weeks worked after an individual's random assignment date. This variable is created by taking total days worked in NWP and dividing by 4 because participants work 4 days per week in NWP and attend job coaching or other CEO services on the 5th day. b Includes non-NWP employment placements by CEO staff and self-placement employment that CEO was made aware of. |
| Outcome (%) | Program Group | Control Group | Difference (Impact) | Standard Error | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Neighborhood Work Project (NWP) employment | Ever employed in NWP Q1-Q4a | 67.9 | 3.6 | 64.3 *** | 3.194 |
| NWP employment Qtr 1 (quarter of random assignment | 62.1 | 2.3 | 59.8 *** | 3.223 | |
| NWP employment Qtr 2 | 41.6 | 2.3 | 39.3 *** | 3.254 | |
| NWP employment Qtr 3 | 13.2 | 0.1 | 13.1 *** | 2.168 | |
| NWP employment Qtr 4 | 5.9 | 0.9 | 5.0 *** | 1.600 | |
| All UI-covered employment | Ever employed in Q1-Q4 | 77.7 | 56.2 | 21.5 *** | 3.900 |
| Employed Qtr 1 (quarter of random assignment) | 65.4 | 24.7 | 40.7 *** | 3.800 | |
| Employed Qtr 2 | 56.9 | 35.5 | 21.4 *** | 4.200 | |
| Employed Qtr 3 | 39.2 | 35.1 | 4.1 | 4.200 | |
| Employed Qtr 4 | 31.3 | 33.8 | -2.5 | 4.100 | |
| Employed all 4 quarters Q1-Q4 | 22.2 | 10.5 | 11.7 *** | 3.300 | |
| Sample size (total = 551) | 314 | 237 | |||
| SOURCES: MDRC calculations from CEO's Network for Information Gathering Evaluation and Learning (NIGEL) database and unemployment insurance wage records from New York State. NOTES: Includes sample members randomly assigned between January 2004 and October 2005. Results in this table are weighted by week of random assignment and adjusted for pre-random assignment characteristics. Significance levels are indicated as: *** = 1 percent; ** = 5 percent; * = 10 percent. The significance level indicates the probability that one would be making an error in concluding that there is a difference between research groups for the variable in question. The standard error is an estimate of the sampling variation of the impact and is used to assess its level of statistical significance, as shown by the p-value. a Nine control group members were employed in NWP during the follow-up period. |
| Program Group | Control Group | Difference (Impact) | Standard Error | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Arrests and convictions | Arrested (%) | 24.7 | 23.4 | 1.3 | 3.800 | |
| Average number of arrestsa | 0.3 | 0.3 | 0.0 | 0.064 | ||
| Number of months between random assignment and first arrest (%) | 3 months or less | 3.5 | 4.3 | -0.7 | 1.700 | |
| 4-6 months | 6.0 | 4.8 | 1.2 | 2.000 | ||
| 7-9 months | 10.2 | 7.4 | 2.8 | 2.500 | ||
| 10-12 months | 4.9 | 6.9 | -2.0 | 2.000 | ||
| Convicted of a crime (%)b | 18.8 | 17.5 | 1.3 | 3.400 | ||
| Convicted of a felony (%) | 1.9 | 2.4 | -0.5 | 1.200 | ||
| Convicted of a misdemeanor (%) | 14.3 | 11.9 | 2.4 | 3.000 | ||
| Other convictions (%) | 3.3 | 3.8 | -0.6 | 1.700 | ||
| Parole outcome | Absconded/revoked from parole (%)c | 23.0 | 18.5 | 4.6 | 3.600 | |
| Incarceration in state prison | Incarcerated in state prison (%)d | 12.7 | 11.7 | 1.0 | 2.900 | |
| Incarcerated for a new crime (%)e | 1.0 | 2.1 | -1.1 | 1.100 | ||
| Incarcerated for a parole technical violation (%)f | 9.1 | 8.7 | 0.4 | 2.500 | ||
| Incarcerated for all other/unknown reasons (%)g | 2.6 | 0.9 | 1.7 | 1.200 | ||
| Average number of months incarcerated in prison | 0.5 | 0.4 | 0.2 | 0.122 | ||
| Status at the end of Year 1 | Incarcerated in state prison (%)h | 8.1 | 7.2 | 0.9 | 2.300 | |
| Not incarcerated and on parole (%)i | 78.7 | 82.4 | -3.7 | 3.500 | ||
| Not incarcerated and not on parole (%)j | 13.2 | 10.4 | 2.8 | 2.900 | ||
| Sample size (total = 551) | 314 | 237 | ||||
| SOURCE: MDRC calculations using data from the New York State (NYS) Division of Criminal Justice Services (DCJS). NOTES: Includes sample members randomly assigned between January 2004 and October 2005. A total of three people were excluded from the sample because they did not match to the DCJS data. Results in this table are weighted by week of random assignment and adjusted for pre-random assignment characteristics. Significance levels are indicated as: *** = 1 percent; ** = 5 percent; * = 10 percent. The significance level indicates the probability that one would incorrectly conclude that a difference exists between research groups for the corresponding variable. The standard error is an estimate of the sampling variation of the impact and is used to assess its level of statistical significance, as shown by the p-value. a Each arrest date is only counted as a single event. If there are multiple crimes or charges on the same date, only one event per date is recorded in the analysis. b A total of 21 convictions (less than 1%) were found to be associated with an arrest that occurred prior to random assignment. c Measure includes those that absconded and those with a discharge type of "Revoked," according to data from the NYS Division of Parole. d All prison incarcerations (regardless of parole status) according to data from the NYS Department of Corrections. Due to multiple incarcerations, subcategories are not mutually exclusive and may sum to a total greater than the "Incarcerated" measure. e Incarcerations for those committing new crimes, regardless of their parole status. f Incarcerations for those committing technical violations while on parole. g All other incarcerations, including those for technical violations while not on parole and for other unknown/unspecified reasons. h Incarceration status based on month 12 after random assignment. i "Not incarcerated/on parole" includes those not incarcerated and without any parole discharge data in the 12 months after random assignment. j "Not incarcerated/not on parole" includes those not incarcerated in Month 12 who also have a recent parole discharge in the 12 months after random assignment. |
| Outcome | Program Group | Control Group | Difference (Impact) | Standard Error | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Employed and not incarcerated (%) | Quarter 1 (quarter of random assignment) | 65.4 | 24.7 | 40.7 *** | 3.800 |
| Quarter 2 | 56.9 | 35.5 | 21.4 *** | 4.200 | |
| Quarter 3 | 38.9 | 35.0 | 3.9 | 4.200 | |
| Quarter 4 | 31.3 | 33.8 | -2.5 | 4.100 | |
| Employed and incarcerated (%) | Quarter 1 (quarter of random assignment) | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.000 |
| Quarter 2 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.000 | |
| Quarter 3 | 0.3 | 0.0 | 0.2 | 0.400 | |
| Quarter 4 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.000 | |
| Not employed and not incarcerated (%) | Quarter 1 (quarter of random assignment) | 34.6 | 74.1 | -39.6 *** | 3.900 |
| Quarter 2 | 40.6 | 62.5 | -21.9 *** | 4.200 | |
| Quarter 3 | 53.3 | 61.8 | -8.5 ** | 4.300 | |
| Quarter 4 | 58.2 | 57.7 | 0.5 | 4.300 | |
| Not employed and incarcerated (%) | Quarter 1 (quarter of random assignment) | 0.0 | 1.1 | -1.1 * | 0.600 |
| Quarter 2 | 2.5 | 2.0 | 0.5 | 1.300 | |
| Quarter 3 | 7.5 | 3.1 | 4.4 ** | 2.000 | |
| Quarter 4 | 10.5 | 8.5 | 2.0 | 2.600 | |
| Sample size (total = 551) | 314 | 237 | |||
| SOURCE: MDRC calculations using data from New York State (NYS) unemployment insurance wage records and New York State (NYS) Division of Criminal Justice Services (DCJS). NOTES: Includes sample members randomly assigned between January 2004 and October 2005. Results in this table are weighted by week of random assignment and adjusted for pre-random assignment characteristics. Significance levels are indicated as: *** = 1 percent; ** = 5 percent; * = 10 percent. The significance level indicates the probability that one would incorrectly conclude that a difference exists between research groups for the corresponding variable. The standard error is an estimate of the sampling variation of the impact and is used to assess its level of statistical significance, as shown by the p-value. |
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