Annual ORR Reports to Congress - 1998

II. REFUGEES IN THE UNITED STATES

Population Profile

This section characterizes the Amerasian, asylee (from Northern Iraq), entrant, and refugee population (hereafter, referred to as refugees unless noted otherwise) in the United States, focusing primarily on those who have entered since 1983. All tables referenced by number appear in Appendix A.

Nationality of United States Refugee Population

Southeast Asians remain the largest refugee group among recent arrivals. Of the approximately 1,530,000 refugees who have arrived in the United States since 1983, about 41 percent have fled from nations of Southeast Asia (refer to Table 1). Based on State Department figures for the period FY 1975 through FY 1998 (refer to Illustration 1 below), about 56 percent have fled from nations of Southeast Asia.

Vietnamese continue to be the majority refugee group from Southeast Asia, although the ethnic composition of the entering population has become more diverse over time. About 135,000 Southeast Asians fled to America at the time of the collapse of the Saigon government in 1975. Over the next four years, large numbers of boat people escaped Southeast Asia and were admitted to the U.S. The majority of these arrivals were Vietnamese. The Vietnamese share has declined gradually, however, especially since persons from Cambodia and Laos began to arrive in larger numbers in 1980.

For the period FY 1983 through FY 1998, Vietnamese refugees made up 70 percent of refugee arrivals from Southeast Asia, while 18 percent were from Laos, and 11 percent were from Cambodia. Parenthetically, slightly less than half the refugees from Laos are from the highlands of that nation and are culturally distinct from the Lowland Lao. More recently, refugees from outside of Southeast Asia have arrived in larger numbers. Between FY 1988 and FY 1998, refugees arriving from the former Soviet Union have surpassed refugees arriving from Vietnam every year except FY 1991. More recently, in FY 1995, refugees from the former Soviet Union and Vietnam were surpassed by refugees arriving from Cuba. In FY 1998, refugees from the former Yugoslavia eclipsed all other refugee from Cuba.

FISCAL YEAR	Africa	Eastern Asia	Eastern Europe	Soviet Union	Latin America	Near East Asia
ILLUSTRATION 1 - Summary Of Refugee Admissions (FY 1975 - FY 1998)

1975	0	135,000	1,947	6,211	3,000	0
1976	0	15,000	1,756	7,450	3,000	0
1977	0	7,000	1,755	8,191	3,000	0
1978	0	20,574	2,245	10,688	3,000	0
1979	0	76,521	3,393	24,449	7,000	0
1980	955	163,799	5,025	28,444	6,662	2,231
1981	2,119	131,139	6,704	13,444	2,017	3,829
1982	3,326	73,522	10,780	2,756	602	6,369
Subtotal	6,400	622,555	33,605	101,633	28,281	12,429

1983-1998 Subtotal	65,423	633,582	166,225	425,664	40,321	93,699

1975-1998 Grand Total	71,823	1,256,137	199,830	527,297	68,602	106,128

Beginning with FY 1983, refugees from five countries represented 78 percent of all arrivals. Vietnamese refugees retain the largest share of arrivals (29 percent) followed by refugees from the former Soviet Union (28 percent), Cuba (eight percent), Laos (seven percent), and the former Yugoslavia (six percent). For FY 1998, refugees from five countries represented 91 percent of all arrivals. The former Yugoslavia was in first place with 34 percent followed by the former Soviet Union with 26 percent followed by Cuba with 16 percent followed by Vietnam with 12 percent and Somalia with three percent. Illustration 2 (below) highlights the top five rankings of arrivals by country of origin for the period FY 1983 through FY 1998, and FY 1998.

ILLUSTRATION 2: Arrivals by Country of Origin for FY 1983 through 1998, and FY 1998

Country Arrivals for Arrivals for of Origin FY 83 - FY97 FY 1998

Cuba 33
Laos - 4
Somalia - 5
Soviet Union (former) 22
Vietnam 14
Yugoslavia (former) 51

Geographic Location of Refugees

Southeast Asian refugees have settled in every State and one territory of the United States (refer to Table 2). From FY 1983 through FY 1998, more Southeast Asians initially resettled in California than any other State (36 percent). For the same period, more non-Southeast Asians resettled in New York than any other State (21 percent). Illustration 3 (below) highlights the top five rankings for both Southeast Asian and non-Southeast Asian arrivals by State of initial resettlement for the period FY 1983 through FY 1998.

The majority of refugees initially resettled in California were from Vietnam (41 percent) followed by refugees from the former Soviet Union (22 percent). Seventy-one percent of the refugees initially resettled in New York were from the former Soviet Union followed by refugees from Vietnam (eight percent). Seventy-eight percent of the refugees initially resettled in Florida were from Cuba and Haiti. Sixty-nine percent were from Cuba (72 percent were entrants and 28 percent were refugees). Another nine percent were from Haiti (90 percent were entrants and 10 percent were refugees). In Texas, refugees from Vietnam (54 percent) and refugees from the Cambodia (seven percent) made up the largest proportion. In the State of Washington, refugees from the former Soviet Union (38 percent) and refugees from the Vietnam (32 percent) made up the largest proportion.

ILLUSTRATION 3: Rankings for Southeast Asian and Non-Southeast Asian Arrivals by State of Initial Resettlement for FY 1983 - FY 1998

S.E. Non-S.E.
State Asian Arrivals Asian Arrivals
California 12
Florida - 3
Illinois - 4
Minnesota - 4
New York 51
Texas - 2
Washington 35

California and New York have resettled the greatest number of refugees to date (refer to Table 3). With the exception of FY 1984 and FY 1985, California followed by New York received the greatest number of refugees each fiscal year until FY 1995. In FY 1984 and FY 1985, California received the greatest number of refugees followed by Texas followed by New York. In FY 1995, FY 1996, and FY 1998, Florida received more refugees than California or New York. And in FY 1997, New York received the greatest number of refugees followed by California and Florida. Illustration 4 (below) highlights the top five rankings for all arrivals by State of initial resettlement for FY 1983 through FY 1998 as well as for FY 1998.

ILLUSTRATION 4: Arrivals by State of Initial Resettlement for FY 1983 through 1998, and FY 1998

Arrivals for Arrivals for State FY83 -FY98 FY 1998

California 12
Florida 31
New York 23
Texas 45
Washington 54

For FY 1998, the majority of arrivals initially resettled in the same five States. The majority of Florida arrivals were from Cuba (78 percent) followed by refugees from the former Yugoslavia (14 percent). The majority of California arrivals were from the former Soviet Union (50 percent) followed by refugees from Vietnam (25 percent). Fifty-seven percent of the refugees initially resettled in New York were from the former Soviet Union with another 23 percent from the former Yugoslavia. Sixty-five percent of the refugees initially resettled in Washington were from the former Soviet Union with another 16 percent from the former Yugoslavia. In Texas, refugees from the former Yugoslavia (41 percent) made up the largest proportion followed by refugees from Vietnam (30 percent). (Refer to Table 4).

Secondary Migration

A number of explanations for secondary migration by refugees have been suggested: employment opportunities, the pull of an established ethnic community, more generous welfare benefits, better training opportunities, reunification with relatives, or a congenial climate.

The Refugee Assistance Amendments of 1982 amended the Refugee Act of 1980 (section 412(a)(3)) directing ORR to compile and maintain data on the secondary migration of refugees within the United States. In response to this directive, ORR developed the Refugee State-of-Origin Report (ORR-11) for estimating secondary migration. Beginning with FY 1983, the principal use of the ORR-11 data has been to allocate ORR social service funds to States. The most recent compilation was September 30, 1998.

The method of estimating secondary migration is based on the first three digits of social security numbers which are assigned geographically in blocks by State. With the assistance of their sponsors, almost all arriving refugees apply for social security numbers immediately upon arrival in the United States. Therefore, the first three digits of a refugee's social security number are a good indicator of his or her initial State of residence in the U.S. (The current system replaced an earlier program in which blocks of social security numbers were assigned to Southeast Asian refugees during processing before they arrived in the U.S. The block of numbers reserved for Guam was used in that program, which ended in late 1979). If a refugee currently residing in California has a social security number assigned in Nevada, for example, the method treats that person as having moved from initial resettlement in Nevada to current residence in California.

States participating in the refugee program provide ORR-11 data for refugees currently receiving assistance or services in their programs (for the most recent three-year period). Compilation of ORR-11 data by all reporting States results in a 53 X 53 State (and territory) matrix which contains information on migration from each State to every other State. In effect, State A's report shows how many people have migrated in from other States, as well as how many people who were initially placed in State A are currently there. The reports from every other State, when combined, show how many people have left State A. The fact that the reports are based on current assistance or service populations means, of course, that coverage does not extend to all refugees who have entered since 1975. However, the bias of this method is toward refugees who have entered in the past three years, the portion of the refugee population of greatest interest to ORR.

Available information also indicates that much of the secondary migration of refugees takes place during their first few years after arrival and that the refugee population becomes relatively stabilized in its geographic distribution after an initial adjustment period. The matrix of all possible pairs of in- and out-migration between States can be summarized into total in- and out-migration figures reported for each State. Examination of the detailed State-by-State matrix showed several migration patterns: a strong movement in and out of California; a strong movement in and moderate movement out of Florida; a strong movement into Iowa, Minnesota and Washington; a strong movement out of New York and Texas, and Virginia; and some population exchange between contiguous or geographically close States (refer to Table 5).

Almost every State experienced both gains and losses through secondary migration. However, only 16 States gained additional refugees through secondary migration. California recorded the largest number of out-migrants (2,232) along with a substantial number of in-migrants (2,157). Florida also recorded a relatively large number of out-migrants (988) along with a substantial amount of in-migrants (1,576).

The State of Minnesota (2,868) recorded the largest net migration gain. The primary sources for the migration into Minnesota were California (641), Virginia (322), and Texas (285). The second and third largest net migration gains were recorded by Washington and Iowa (1,248 and 1,203, respectively). The primary sources for the migration into Washington were California (327), Oregon (252), and Texas (176) whereas the primary sources for the migration into Iowa were New York (599), Illinois (405), and California (207).

The largest net migration loss was recorded by the State of New York followed by Texas (1,646 and 1,473, respectively). The primary sources for the migration out of New York were Iowa (599), Minnesota (200), and Florida (143) whereas the primary sources for the migration out of Texas were California (287), Minnesota (285), and Washington (176). The District of Columbia also recorded substantial net migration losses.

Economic Adjustment

Overview

The Refugee Act of 1980, and the Refugee Assistance amendments enacted in 1982 and 1986, stress the achievement of employment and economic self-sufficiency by refugees as soon as possible after their arrival in the United States. This involves a balance among three elements: the employment potential of refugees, including their education, skills, English language competence, and health; the needs that they as individuals and members of families have for financial resources, whether for food, housing, or child-rearing; and the economic environment in which they settle, including the availability of jobs, housing, and other local resources. Past refugee surveys have found that the economic adjustment of refugees to the U.S. has been a successful and generally rapid process. During 1998, the process of refugee economic adjustment appears to have followed patterns similar to those of recent years, as discussed below.

Current Employment Status of Refugees

In 1998, ORR completed its 27th survey of a national sample of refugees selected from the population of all refugees who arrived between May 1, 1993, through April 30, 1998. The survey collected basic biographical information, as well as data on (1) education, (2) English language training, (3) job training, and (4) labor force participation of each adult member of the household. The survey also collected family housing, income, and welfare utilization data.

The 1998 survey indicates that refugees appear to find employment at a lower rate than the general population of the U.S., but that they also appear to improve their economic circumstances over time. Employment rates have gone up and unemployment rates have gone down five consecutive years in a row. To evaluate the economic progress of refugees, ORR used three common measures of employment effort: the employment-to-population ratio (or EPR), the labor force participation rate, and the unemployment rate.

Table 1 presents the EPR in October, 1998 for refugees 16 and over in the five-year population. The survey found that the overall EPR for all refugees was 56 percent (63 percent for males and 49 percent for females). These employment data are two percentage points higher than the EPR recorded in the 1997 survey and five percentage points higher than the EPR recorded in the 1996 survey. By contrast, the EPR for the U.S. population was 64 percent in 1998. Although lower than that of the U.S. population as a whole, refugee employment appears to increase with each year of residence in the U.S. While the overall EPR for the 1998 arrivals was only 53 percent, the EPR of refugees who had arrived in previous years, i.e., 1955, reached 60 percent.

	Employment Rate (EPR)			Labor Force Participation Rate			Unemployment Rate
TABLE 1 - Employment Status of Refugees by Year of Arrival and Sex
Year of Arrival	All	Male	Female	All	Male	Female	All	Male	Female
1998	52.5%	59.6%	44.9%	62.3%	70.0%	54.0%	15.0%	13.3%	17.3%
1997	54.5	64.7	45.7	60.1	69.8%	51.7	8.8	8.1	10.3
1996	55.3	64.0	46.5	58.2	67.6	48.4	4.1	4.3	3.7
1995	59.9	66.3	53.3	62.9	69.0	56.8	3.5	2.7	4.8
1994	56.4	62.2	50.6	59.4	65.5	53.4	4.4	4.1	4.7
1993	53.0	56.8	49.3	55.5	60.1	50.8	3.3	4.2	2.3
Total	56.0	62.8	49.3	59.1	66.6	52.8	5.2	4.7	5.7
Sample
U.S.	64.1	71.6	57.1	67.1	74.9	59.8	4.5	4.4	4.6
Rates

From the 1998 data, ORR also calculated the labor force participation rate for refugees 16 and over in the five-year population (refer to Table 1). This rate is closely related to the EPR, except it includes individuals looking for work as well as those currently employed. In October, 1998, the overall labor force participation rate for the five-year refugee population was 59 percent (67 percent for males and 53 percent for females). Like the EPR, the labor force participation rate of refugees is lower than that of the U.S. population (67 percent in 1998). The overall labor force participation rate for the 1998 survey was 62 percent. It reached 63 percent for refugees who arrived in 1995.

A comparison of employment measures for each year, i.e., 1993 through 1998 (refer to Table 1) indicates that for 1998 arrivals, the EPR was 53 percent and the labor force participation rate was 62 percent; a difference of nine percent. For FY 1993 arrivals, the difference between the EPR and labor force participation dropped to three percent. For all survey respondents, the difference between the EPR and labor force participation rate diminishes with time. Similarly, the unemployment rate drops with time. The survey found that the unemployment rate for all refugees was five percent (five percent for males and nine percent for females). The unemployment rate was 15 percent for 1998 arrivals and three percent for FY 1993 arrivals. The unemployment rate for refugees in their fifth year of residence was one percentage points lower than the unemployment rate for the U.S. (4.5 percent). However, by focusing on aggregated data only, important differences between refugee groups are obscured.

By dis-aggregating the data, the EPR, the labor force participation rate, and the unemployment rate provide additional insights into the economic adjustment of refugees. Table 2 reveals significant differences between the employment rates of the seven refugee groups formed from the survey respondents. The EPR for the seven refugee groups ranged from a high of 79 percent for Latin America and 73 percent for Eastern Europe (exceeding the EPR for the U.S. population), to a low of 27 percent for Other Southeast Asia and 44 percent for the former Soviet Union. Refugees from Eastern Europe, Latin America, and Vietnam have sustained the highest EPR whereas refugees from Southeast Asia and Africa have endured the lowest EPR across the four most recent surveys. The labor force participation rate followed the same pattern as the EPR. The unemployment rate was highest for refugees from the former Soviet Union and lowest for refugees from Vietnam and Other Southeast Asia. It is interesting to note that the largest disparity between the EPR and labor force participation rate was for the former Soviet Union (consistent with their unemployment rate). However, refugees from Vietnam and Other Southeast Asia exhibited the smallest disparities between the EPR and labor force participation rate (although Vietnam had a relatively high EPR and Other Southeast Asia had the lowest EPR).

Employment Measure	Africa	Latin America	Middle East	Eastern Europe	Former Soviet Union	Vietnam	Other S.E. Asia	All
TABLE 2 - Employment Status of Selected Refugee Groups by Sex
Employment-to- Population Ratio (EPR)	50.5%	78.7%	49.7%	72.9%	44.3%	55.8%	26.6%	56.0%
-Males	55.3%	83.0%	63.3%	79.4%	52.6%	60.0%	29.7%	62.8%
-Females	46.1%	73.3%	30.4%	66.7%	37.5%	51.5%	23.5%	49.3%
Worked at any point since arrival	51.1	80.2	52.5	79.5	49.5	55.8	28.0	58.8
-Males	56.4	84.4	67.1	85.1	57.1	60.0	30.4	65.3
-Females	46.1	74.9	31.8	74.1	43.2	51.5	25.5	52.5
Labor Force Participation Rate	51.5	79.7	53.2	77.0	51.6	55.8	26.8	59.1
-Males	56.8	86.3	70.8	84.5	60.8	60.2	35.1	66.6
-Females	45.8	75.8	30.6	70.9	45.0	52.1	23.7	52.8
Unemployment Rate	1.4	1.3	6.4	5.3	14.2	0.1	0.0	5.2
-Males	2.6	0.0	8.3	5.6	13.0	0,0	0.0	4.7
Females	0.0	3.0	0.0	4.8	15.2	0.3	0.0	5.7

Table 2 also presents the proportion of refugees who have ever held employment since arrival in the U.S. Overall, the proportion of refugees currently working is about 95 percent of the refugees who have ever worked (ranging from a low of 89 percent for the former Soviet Union to a high of 100 percent for Vietnam). From the 1997, 1996, and 1995 surveys, the proportion of refugees who were currently working to those that has ever worked was 95, 93, and 93 percent, respectively.

Further disaggregation of the data by sex provides another vantage point relative to the employment status of refugees (refer to Table 2). Overall, the EPR for males was 63 percent versus 49 percent for females. The biggest disparity within refugee groups was for the Middle East and the former Soviet Union. (The disparity within Latin America is not considered as relevant owing to the fact that the employment measures for both males and females are quite high.) For the Middle East, the EPR for males was 33% higher than for females and the labor force participation rate for males was 40% higher than for females, and the unemployment rate was eight percent for males versus zero percent for females. For the former Soviet Union, the EPR for males was 15% higher than for females, the labor force participation rate for males was 16% higher than for females, and the unemployment rate was 13% for males versus 15% for females.

The survey also asked refugees age 16 and over why they were not looking for employment. Attending school accounted for the largest proportion (37%) with an associated median age of 19. Poor health or handicap accounted for the second largest proportion (15%) with an associated median age of 56. Age accounted for another 13% with an associated age of 71. Child care or other family responsibilities accounted for 10% with an associated median age of 37. Furthermore, for those citing child care or other family responsibilities, 90% were age 25 or over and 93% were female. Limited English accounted for another four percent with an associated median age of 47. A variety of other answers including a mixture of the aforementioned explanations accounted for the balance.

Factors Affecting Employment Status

Achieving economic self-sufficiency is based on the employment prospects of adult refugees, which hinges on a mixture of refugee skills, family size and composition (e.g., number of dependents to support), job opportunities, and the resources available in the communities in which refugees resettle. The occupational and educational skills that refugees bring with them to the United States also influence their prospects for self-sufficiency.

The average number of years of education for all arrivals was approximately eleven (refer to Table 3). The level of education prior to arrival has risen sharply over the past decade, most probably as a result of a significant increase in the proportion of refugees from Eastern Europe (particularly, the former Yugoslavia) and the former Soviet Union. The 1998 survey revealed a pronounced disparity between the educational backgrounds among the seven refugee groups formed from the survey respondents. The average years of education was highest for the former Soviet Union (12 years) and lowest for Other Southeast Asia (three years). By combining high school, technical school, and university degrees, again, the former Soviet Union (over 78%) ranks highest for education while Other Southeast Asia (approximately three percent) ranks the lowest.

Refugees from Africa (33%) and Other Southeast Asia (62%) showed the largest proportion for no formal education before arriving in the U.S. However they rank high for attending high school for a degree during the past 12 months. Africa and Vietnam show the highest proportion for attempting to earn an Associate Degree and a Bachelor's Degree followed by the former Soviet Union. It should be noted that even though the survey asks about years of schooling and the highest degree or certificate obtained prior to coming to the U.S., the correspondence between years of schooling and degrees or certifications among different countries is not necessarily the same. Consequently, some degree of caution is necessary when interpreting education statistics.

At the time of arrival, for refugees 16 years of age and over in the five-year population, 69% reportedly spoke no English (refer to Table 3). By the time of the interview, only 14% spoke no English. At the time of arrival, 76% of refugees from Other Southeast Asia spoke no English followed by Eastern Europe (74%), Vietnam, (71%), Latin America and the former Soviet Union (both 70%), followed by the Middle East (59%) and Africa (45%). By the time of the interview, 26% of refugees from Other Southeast Asia still spoke no English followed by the Middle East (21% ) and the former Soviet Union (18%). All other refugee groups had dropped below 14%. By the time of the interview, refugees from Latin America and Vietnam had the smallest percentage for speaking English well or fluently (28 and 35%, respectively).

Education and Language Proficiency	Africa	Latin America	Middle East	Eastern Europe	Former Soviet Union	Vietnam	Other S.E.Asia	All
TABLE 3 - Educational and English Proficiency Characteristics of Selected Refugee Groups

Average Years of Education before U.S.	7.5	10.9	9.8	10.8	12.2	10.3	2.9	10.6

Highest Degree before U.S.

None	32.7%	11.8%	19.7%	7.5%	1.4%	19.5%	61.7%	13.9%
Primary School	25.6	18.4	24.3	21.3	10.0	14.5	23.6	16.1
Secondary School	23.7	36.0	26.7	37.8	28.9	56.1	3.4	37.8
Technical School	1.2	4.3	3.3	11.6	20.8	.3	0.0	8.5
University Degree	5.9	23.7	10.2	13.6	28.6	5.0	0.0	15.6
Medical Degree	0.0	0.8	1.4	0.3	4.3	0.0	0.0	1.5

Attended School/University (since U.S.)	43.7	7.7	31.1	10.9	17.4	27.0	34.8	20.9

Attended School/University (since U.S.) for degree/certificate	35.3	7.4	21.5	9.4	16.3	24.5	28.9	18.4

High School	16.5	4.0	11.0	6.4	5.6	6.,7	23.8	7.4
Associate Degree	63	0.3	1.2	0.4	2.9	8.5	0.0	3.9
Bachelor's Degree	10.0	2.4	5.8	1.3	5.6	8.9	5.1	5.8
Master's/Doctorate	0.0	0.6	0.0	0.0	1.8	0.0	0.0	0.6
Professional Degree	0.0	0.0	0.0	0.5	0.5	0.1	0.0	0.3
Other	0.0	0.0	0.0	0.0	0.2	0.2	0.0	0.1

Degree Received	0.0	0.4	0.3	0.3	1.4	0.3	1.0	0.7

At Time of Arrival

Percent Speaking no English	44.6	70.0	59.3	74.4	69,8	70.7	75.8	69.0

Percent Not Speaking English Well	38.5	25.8	26.2	15.3	22.1	26.1	15.3	23.7

Percent Speaking English Well or Fluently	15.2	3.1	5.3	8.0	6.9	0.8	2.0	4.9

At Time of Survey

Percent Speaking no English	4.1	13.4	21.3	13.0	18.4	7.1	26.2	13.5


Percent Not Speaking English Well	20.9	57.9	34.5	39.6	34.8	57.4	30.7	44.3


Percent Speaking English Well or Fluently	74.6	28.4	43.3	42.3	45.1	34.6	40.3	40.7

Note: Data refer to refugees 16 and over in the five-year sample population consisting of Amerasians, Entrants, and Refugees of all nationalities who arrived in the years 1993-1998 These figures refer to self-reported characteristics of refugees. Professional degree refers to a law degree or medical degree.

The relationship between English language proficiency and economic self-sufficiency can be gauged by comparing the ability to speak English with the associated EPR (refer to Table 4). Forty-one percent of all refugees indicated that they spoke English well or fluently (at the time of the survey). Another 44 percent indicated that they did not speak English well, while 14 percent claimed they spoke no English at all. Those speaking no English had the lowest EPR (20 percent) versus those speaking English well or fluently who had a highest EPR (59 percent). The difference in EPR between these two groups is 24 percent. Although many refugees improve their English language proficiency over time, it appears that those who do not are the least likely to be employed. Of the 14 percent of the survey respondents who spoke no English at the time of the survey, the median age was 59. Females comprised 58 percent and males comprised 42 percent. The majority came from the former Soviet Union (40 percent) followed Vietnam (17 percent) followed by Latin America and Eastern Europe (both 13 percent) followed by and Southeast Asia (11 percent).

During the past 12 months, 22 percent of all refugees attended ELT outside of high school. Refugees from the former Soviet Union (34 percent) and Eastern Europe (31 percent) followed by Africa (28 percent) and the Middle East (27 percent) have attended ELT outside of high school the most, whereas other Southeast Asia (12 percent) followed by Latin America and Vietnam (both 10 percent) have attended ELT the least (refer to Table 5). For the same period, the proportion of refugees who have attended job-training classes lags far behind ELT. Overall, only four percent of all survey respondents had attended job training (refer